Patho Flashcards
What is pneumonia
An inflammatory condition of the lungs leading to an abnormal alveolar filling with consolidation and exudation
4 stages of pneumonia
Congestion-24 hours
Red hepitisation- 2-3 days
Grey hepetisation 4-6 days
Resolution 6 days +
Congestion
Vascular engorgement
Red hepetisation
RBC, leukocytes fill the alveolar spaces
Grey hepetisation
progressive disintegration of RBC
Resolution
- the consolidated exudate within the alveolar spaces undergoes progressive digestion
What is bronchiectasis
the permanent abnormal dilation of one or more of the lungs bronchi
Causing sputum to be built leaving patient prone to infection
Clinical features of bronchiectasis
75% dyspnoea (laboured breathing) and wheezing
50% chest pains
Coughing and sputum production
What is cystic fibrosis
an-inherited autosomal recessive disease
The result of a gene mutation- single defect on chromosome 7
CTFR protein is a channel protein and controls the flow of water and chloride ions between membranes
Symptoms of CF
persistent cough
Inflammation in lungs
Cross infection
Impaired diaphragm from enlarged liver
What is COPD
COPD is characterised by airflow obstruction which is…
• Progressive in severity
• Not fully reversible
• Does not change markedly over several months
• Umbrella term for chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic asthma
What are airways lined by?
Cells which produce mucus
- Tiny hairs called cilia which continually beat
• Mucus traps dust particles and bacteria
• The cilia move the mucus along until it reaches the throat and we swallow it or cough
Defence mechanism
What is bronchitis
• A chronic disease of the lungs where the bronchi becomes inflamed
The inflammation causes more mucus to be produced, which narrows the airway and makes breathing more difficult
What is emphysema
A condition where the alveoli of the lungs become inflamed and lose their natural elasticity
• They over expand and lose their ability to fill up and contact properly
• as air fills up in these sacs, some rupture and become one sac reducing the surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• When you breath out, the trapped air cannot be released and breathing becomes more difficult
What is asthma
• Episodic increase in airway obstruction caused by various stimuli resulting in increased airway resistance
• Symptoms= breathlessness, wheeze, tight chest
Causes of COPD
Ciggerate smoking
• Occupational exposure- coal miners
• Social deprivation
Clinical signs of COPD
breathlessness on exertion
• Cough
Increased sputum
Treatment and medication for COPD
• Smoking cessation
• 4 times more likely to quit with help, advice and nicotine replacement
• Stop smoking services
• Stopping smoking will help slow the progression of the disease
• we can refer as physios at anytime
Medication
• Inhalers
• Steroids and antibiotics
• Mucolytics
• Flu and pneumonia vaccines
What is pulmonary rehab
• exercise
• Education
• Self management
• Diet
• Lifestyle modifications
Coronary heart disease
sometimes called ischamic heart disease or ccoronary artery disease
• a disease where the coronary arteries are blocked or narrowed
• Included the following diseases:
-Angina
-Myocardial infarction
-Heart failure
CHD risk factors and symptoms
Age
• Gender
• Social deprivation
• Smoking
diet
Symptoms
• Pain, discomfort, pressure, tightness, angina
• Dizziness
• SOB
• Fatigue
Nausea
Angina
• a chest pain due to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle
Types:
• Stable- happens at predictable times eg stress or exercise
• Unstable- happens when no particular demand is being placed on the heart
• Micro vascular- affects the very smallest of the vessels
Myocardial infarction
MI is when the blood supplying the oxygen to the heart is severely reduced or cut off. The result is ischemia of the heart muscle and scar formation
Diagnosis MI:
Blood tests:
-Looking for altered cardiac enzymes ( released when heart muscle is damaged)
• Troponin found in the myofilament of the heart muscle and released into the blood stream when the heart muscle is damaged
MI consequences
Sudden death
• Arrhythmia
• Heart failure
• Cardio genie shock
• Rupture
• Thrombus formation
Heart failure
The heart is unable to adequately pump blood around the body usually due to heart becoming to stiff or weak
Diabetes
A metabolic disorder
• It is a absence, deficit or resistance to insulin leading to hyperglycaemia (excess of glucose in blood)
What are the two types of diabetes and risk factors for each
• Type 1- insulin dependent mellitus
• Type 2- non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus
Risk factors :
• type 1: Family history, viral infection
Type 2- obesity, hypertension, poor lifestyle, diet
Physiotherapy involvement for diabetes
• secondary to complications
• Awareness of complications eg healing
• Education on life style changes
• Higher musculoskeletal pain
• Falls
