Patho

Question 1

What is pneumonia

Answer 1

An inflammatory condition of the lungs leading to an abnormal alveolar filling with consolidation and exudation

Question 2

4 stages of pneumonia

Answer 2

Congestion-24 hours
Red hepitisation- 2-3 days
Grey hepetisation 4-6 days
Resolution 6 days +

Question 3

Congestion

Answer 3

Vascular engorgement

Question 4

Red hepetisation

Answer 4

RBC, leukocytes fill the alveolar spaces

Question 5

Grey hepetisation

Answer 5

progressive disintegration of RBC

Question 6

Resolution

Answer 6

• the consolidated exudate within the alveolar spaces undergoes progressive digestion

Question 7

What is bronchiectasis

Answer 7

the permanent abnormal dilation of one or more of the lungs bronchi
Causing sputum to be built leaving patient prone to infection

Question 8

Clinical features of bronchiectasis

Answer 8

75% dyspnoea (laboured breathing) and wheezing
50% chest pains
Coughing and sputum production

Question 9

What is cystic fibrosis

Answer 9

an-inherited autosomal recessive disease
The result of a gene mutation- single defect on chromosome 7

CTFR protein is a channel protein and controls the flow of water and chloride ions between membranes

Question 10

Symptoms of CF

Answer 10

persistent cough
Inflammation in lungs
Cross infection
Impaired diaphragm from enlarged liver

Question 11

What is COPD

Answer 11

COPD is characterised by airflow obstruction which is…
• Progressive in severity
• Not fully reversible
• Does not change markedly over several months
• Umbrella term for chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic asthma

Question 12

What are airways lined by?

Answer 12

Cells which produce mucus
- Tiny hairs called cilia which continually beat

• Mucus traps dust particles and bacteria
• The cilia move the mucus along until it reaches the throat and we swallow it or cough
Defence mechanism

Question 13

What is bronchitis

Answer 13

• A chronic disease of the lungs where the bronchi becomes inflamed
The inflammation causes more mucus to be produced, which narrows the airway and makes breathing more difficult

Question 14

What is emphysema

Answer 14

A condition where the alveoli of the lungs become inflamed and lose their natural elasticity
• They over expand and lose their ability to fill up and contact properly
• as air fills up in these sacs, some rupture and become one sac reducing the surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• When you breath out, the trapped air cannot be released and breathing becomes more difficult

Question 15

What is asthma

Answer 15

• Episodic increase in airway obstruction caused by various stimuli resulting in increased airway resistance
• Symptoms= breathlessness, wheeze, tight chest

Question 16

Causes of COPD

Answer 16

Ciggerate smoking
• Occupational exposure- coal miners
• Social deprivation

Question 17

Clinical signs of COPD

Answer 17

breathlessness on exertion
• Cough
Increased sputum

Question 18

Treatment and medication for COPD

Answer 18

• Smoking cessation
• 4 times more likely to quit with help, advice and nicotine replacement
• Stop smoking services
• Stopping smoking will help slow the progression of the disease
• we can refer as physios at anytime

Medication
• Inhalers
• Steroids and antibiotics
• Mucolytics
• Flu and pneumonia vaccines

Question 19

What is pulmonary rehab

Answer 19

• exercise
• Education
• Self management
• Diet
• Lifestyle modifications

Question 20

Coronary heart disease

Answer 20

sometimes called ischamic heart disease or ccoronary artery disease
• a disease where the coronary arteries are blocked or narrowed
• Included the following diseases:
-Angina
-Myocardial infarction
-Heart failure

Question 21

CHD risk factors and symptoms

Answer 21

Age
• Gender
• Social deprivation
• Smoking
diet

Symptoms

• Pain, discomfort, pressure, tightness, angina
• Dizziness
• SOB
• Fatigue
Nausea

Question 22

Angina

Answer 22

• a chest pain due to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle
Types:
• Stable- happens at predictable times eg stress or exercise
• Unstable- happens when no particular demand is being placed on the heart
• Micro vascular- affects the very smallest of the vessels

Question 23

Myocardial infarction

Answer 23

MI is when the blood supplying the oxygen to the heart is severely reduced or cut off. The result is ischemia of the heart muscle and scar formation

Diagnosis MI:
Blood tests:
-Looking for altered cardiac enzymes ( released when heart muscle is damaged)
• Troponin found in the myofilament of the heart muscle and released into the blood stream when the heart muscle is damaged

Question 24

MI consequences

Answer 24

Sudden death
• Arrhythmia
• Heart failure
• Cardio genie shock
• Rupture
• Thrombus formation

Question 25

Heart failure

Answer 25

The heart is unable to adequately pump blood around the body usually due to heart becoming to stiff or weak

Question 26

Diabetes

Answer 26

A metabolic disorder
• It is a absence, deficit or resistance to insulin leading to hyperglycaemia (excess of glucose in blood)

Question 27

What are the two types of diabetes and risk factors for each

Answer 27

• Type 1- insulin dependent mellitus
• Type 2- non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus

Risk factors :
• type 1: Family history, viral infection
Type 2- obesity, hypertension, poor lifestyle, diet

Question 28

Physiotherapy involvement for diabetes

Answer 28

• secondary to complications
• Awareness of complications eg healing
• Education on life style changes
• Higher musculoskeletal pain
• Falls