Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CVM > Path slide set 1 > Flashcards

Path slide set 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes a thoracic aortic aneurysm?

A

HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

young women, renal artery, beads on string

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

occurs when blood enter defect in intima and travels through tissue plane within layers of aortic media

A

Aortic dissection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most frequent preexisting histologically detectable lesion of an aortic dissection?

A

cystic medial degeneration. inflammation generally absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are most dissections?

A

Ascending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what causes and abdominal aorta aneurysm

A

atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

HTN has increased prevalence in who?

A

advancing age and african americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the cause of most HTN?

A

idiopathic (essential HTN; 90-95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vascular morphological changes of HTN?

A

hyaline or hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the pathogenesis of an Aneurysm, what weakens the vascular wall by ischemia of inner media?

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

prolonged activation of endothelium may lead to endothelial dysfunction, often characterized by what?

A
  • procoagulation
  • proinflammation
  • smooth muscle stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In tact but thinned muscular wall at site of dilation

A

“true” aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can an AAA impinge?

A

ureter or erosion of vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Other non major modifiable risk factors

A
  • inflammation (levels of C-reactive protein)
  • hyperhomocystinemia (>100umol/L)
  • metobolic syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

major modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis

A
  • hyperlipidemia (LDL) based on diet and exercise
  • HTN
  • Smoking
  • DM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most common locations for atherosclerotic lesions in decreasing frequency?

A
  • abdominal aorta
  • coronary arteries
  • popliteal arteries
  • Internal carotid arteries
  • Circle of Willis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Activated state of endothelium is characterized by expression of what?

A
  • adhesion molecules
  • procoagulants and anticoagulants
  • voasoactive factors, growth factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Constitutional risk factors for atherosclerosis

A
  • Family history
  • Age
  • gender
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Congenital conditions predisposing to aneurysm

A
  • Marfan syndrome - fibrillin
  • Ehlers Danlos - type 3 collagen
  • Loeys-Dietz - TGF beta receptor - synthesis of elastin and COL 1 and 3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain the gender predisposition for atherosclerosis

A

Males more than females until women hit menopause then increases and they eventually pass men

21
Q

Advanced glycation end products can cause activation of endothelium due to what disorder?

A

uncontrolled diabetes

22
Q

besides HTN, when else would you see hyaline arteriolosclerosis?

A

long standing diabetes

23
Q

in the pathogenesis of an aneurysm, loss of vascular wall elastic tissue or ineffective elastin synthesis leads to what?

A

cystic medial degeneration

24
Q

describe cystic medial degeneration

A

disrupted and disorganized elastin filaments and increased ground substance (proteoglycans)

25
what gives a "pulsating hematoma"
False aneurysm
26
defect though wall of vessel or heart, communicating with an extravascular hematoma?
"false" aneurysm
27
severe chest pain, radiating to back b/t scapulae
Aortic dissection
28
When oxidized LDL accumulated within macrophages and smooth muscle cells it forms what?
foam cells and a "fatty streak"
29
Clinically significant effects of large or multiple arteriovenous fistulas?
shunting of blood from arterial to venous and forcing heart to pump additional volume --> high-output cardiac failure
30
Describe Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
- increase smooth muscle matrix synthesis - plasma protein leakage across damaged endothelium - homogeneous pink thickening of vessel wall with luminal narrowing
31
complications of atherosclerotic plaques
- Rupture and ulceration - hemorrhage - embolism - Aneurysm
32
what congenital vascular disorder are berry aneurysms associated with?
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
33
primary risk factor for aortic dissection
HTN
34
Accumulation of cholesterol crystals within macrophages is recognized by what? leading to what?
inflammasome, leading to IL-1 secretion and further macrophage and T cell recruitment and activation
35
explain intimal thickening
-smooth muscle cells from media go to intima where they proliferate and elaborate ECM
36
what is the more frequent epidemiology for an AAA
smoking men in their 50s
37
descibe hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
- occurs in severe HTN | - smooth muscle cells form concentric lamellations ("onion skinning") with resultant luminal narrowing
38
Describe the Response to injury model for pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
1: chronic endothelial "injury" 2: endothelial dysfunction, monocyte adhesion and emigration 3: macrophage activation and smooth muscle recruitment 4: macrophages and smooth muscle cells engulf lipid, forming "foam cells" 5: smooth muscle proliferation, collagen and other ECM deposition, extracellular lipid
39
HTN is what blood pressure?
>140/90
40
clinical sign of AAA
pulsating mass in abdomen
41
epidemiology of aortic dissection
- hypertensive males 40-60 | - marfans
42
Tertiary Syphilis affects what location?
Vaso vasorum of thoracic Aorta leading to ischemia of outer media
43
Focal thickening of INTIMA and MEDIA of medium to large muscular arteries resulting in stenosis
fibromuscular dysplasia
44
What is the stereotypical response to vascular injury?
intimal thickening
45
Loss of endothelial cells secondary to tissue damage or prolonged endothelial dysfunction leads to what?
vascular injury
46
Where is ACE found?
endothelial cells everywhere but especially in lungs
47
In the pathogenesis of an Aneurysm, what weakens the vascular wall by ischemia of outer media?
HTN and Tertiary syphilis
48
Clinical presentation of Thoracic Aortic aneurysm?
impingement of lower respiratory tree, esophagus, and recurrent laryngeal nerves - respiratory difficulty, difficulty swallowing and persistent cough

CVM (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions