path recallse sept 2013 NSW - formatted Flashcards
- Cause of PML
a. HIV
b. Jakob Creutzfeldt virus
c. Measles
d. rabies
e. CMV
*LW:
JC virus:
JC virus activation in immunosuppression such as HIV, post transplant etc.
a. HIV jc virus in HIV. Bilateral, asymmetrical in frontotemporal most common, involve subcortical u-fibres.
- VHL not associated (repeat)
a. renal cell papillary
b. renal cell clear cell
c. casabellar (yes misspelled like that) haemangioblastoma
d. renal haemangioblastoma
d. pheochromocytoma
a. renal cell papillary
- Hyaline membrane disease what is incorrect (slight variation on previous)
a. predisposed in maternal diabetes
b. predisposed in cesarean section
c. type I pneumocytes produce surfactant
d. bronchi lined with necrotic cells and fibrin
c. type I pneumocytes produce surfactant type 1 pneumocyte - gas exchange
type 2 pneumocyte - surfactant
primary hyaline deficiency - rare
secondary hyaline deficiency - maternal diabetes
- What is most likely to be a spiculated mass
a. tubular
b. medullary
c. papillary
d. lobular
e. DCIS
a. tubular almost always spiculated mass.
e. DCIS also most common appearance but may be asymmetries or distortions in up to 50%
- Which is not important in grading breast cancer
a. invasive lobular carcinoma
b. mitosis
c. tubule formation
d. mucin production
e. nuclear pleomorphism
*LW: Grade of breast carcinoma: - tubule formation - nuclear grade - mitotic rate.
thus invasive lobular carcinoma and mucin production are not features of the normal histological grading of breast cancer.
All are
- Medulloblastoma which is false
a. has rosettes
b. Has round nucleus with abundant cytoplasm
c. Most common paediatric posterior fossa tumour
- LW:
5. Medulloblastoma which is false
a. has rosettes - TRUE Homer Wright ROssettes.
b. Has round nucleus with abundant cytoplasm - FALSE - Scant cytoplasm
c. Most common paediatric posterior fossa tumour: controversial but likely true out of these options.
- Which is least associated with NF1
a. lisch nodules
b. CN 8 schwannoma
c. kyposcolois
d. café au lait
b. CN 8 schwannoma
- CCAM (similar to prior repeat)
a. supplied by systemic circulation
b. mostly homogenous
c. most contains 1 or more large cysts
d. has a well defined internal bronchial system
c. most contains 1 or more large cysts
- Sequestration most common location (repeat)
- LLL
- RLL
- LUL
- RML
- RUL
- LLL
- CF is caused by a genetic trait that needs to be homozygous to be symptomatic.
a. Two heterozygous parents have a 25% chance of a symptomatic child
b. Two symptomatic homozygous parents have a 50% chance of a symptomatic child
c. A symptomatic homozygous parent and a heterozygous parent etc.
a. Two heterozygous parents have a 25% chance of a symptomatic child
AR inheritence
- Gout which is false (repeat)
a. 10% die of renal failure
b. tophi calcify
c. tophi occur in fingertips and toes
d. erosions occur before marked loss of articular cartilage
e. can be secondary to chronic diuretic use
a. 10% die of renal failure - 20%
- Gout which is false (repeat)
a. 10% die of renal failure - 20%
b. tophi calcify – can do
c. tophi occur in fingertips and toes depends on what you define as a finger tip – definitely occur around the DIPJ
d. erosions occur before marked loss of articular cartilage possibly. Both occur in chronic tophaceous. **LJS agree - joint space is preserved until late
- Pancreatitis Which is incorrect (variation of repeat)
a. 10-20% of patients with gallstones get acute pancreatitis
b. SPINK1 gene can cause acute pancreatitis
c. associated with activation of trypsinogen
d. seen pathologically with yellow chalky appearance indicating necrotic fat
a. 10-20% of patients with gallstones get acute pancreatitis 5% in robbins.
Although Radiopaedia says up to 15%
spink 1 gene - Mutations in this gene are associated with hereditary pancreatitis and tropical calcific pancreatitis - cause chronic pancreatitis
macroscopic - swollen pale pancreas.
- Alpha 1 anti-trypsin which is false
a. causes cirrhosis and emphysema
b. AD with variable penetrance
c. classically causes lower zone emphysema
d. is a common cause of jaundice in the neonate
- LW: Favoured answer is B: AD is incorrect, it is AR inheritance.
a. causes cirrhosis and emphysema: True
b. AD with variable penetrance: False, Robbins states it as AR.
c. classically causes lower zone emphysema: True
d. is a common cause of jaundice in the neonate: Likely true, Robbins states among new borns 10-20% show colestasis.
- Which does not cause AVN (variant of previous)
a. cirrhosis
b. pancreatitis
c. collagen vascular disease
d. dysbarism
e. gauchers
a. cirrhosis although alcoholism can
- Which does not cause AVN (yes question repeated with one different option)
a. AMI
b. pancreatitis
c. collagen vascular disease
d. dysbarism
e. gauchers
a. AMI
- Which does not cause acute small bowel ischemia (repeat)
a. atherosclerotic stenosis SMA
b. Bechets
c. PAN
d. atrial fibrillation
e. aortic dissection
b. Bechets not specifically mentioned in robbins
Behçet disease is a multisystemic and chronic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology.
- What favors acute over sub acute bacterial endocarditis
a. 1 cm large vegetation
b. slow increase in size of vegetation
c. no presence of metastatic infection
d. no perforation of leaflets
e. pre-existing damaged valve leaflet
*LW:
Agree, favoured answer is large vegetation:
Pathoma states, Strep viridins most commons cause over all, as causes Sub acute IE - resulting in small vegetations.
Staph aureus high virulence organism, resulting in large vegetations.
a. 1 cm large vegetation
- What favors acute over sub acute bacterial endocarditis
a. 1 cm large vegetation This is what the Auckland intensive course answers had as correct
b. slow increase in size of vegetation: Sub acute
c. no presence of metastatic infection: sub acute.
d. no perforation of leaflets: sub acute.
e. pre-existing damaged valve leaflet - I think best answer if question is “what favours subacute over acute”..
- Fibroadenomas false (similar to prior repeats)
a. common in postmenopausal women
b. most below the age of 45
c. contain foci of invasive carcinoma
d. more than a third in patients on cyclosporine for renal
c. contain foci of invasive carcinoma
- Fibroadenomas false (similar to prior repeats)
a. common in postmenopausal women but uncommonly present post menopause
b. most below the age of 45
c. contain foci of invasive carcinoma do have a very low rate of conversion.
- Adamantinoma true
a. multicystic lytic lesion
b. single lytic lesion
c. multiple lytic lesions
d. sclerosis and trabecular thickening
a. multicystic lytic lesion
- Leiomyoma which is true (repeat)
a. not even moderate mitotic activity
b. bleeding is associated with malignancy
c. benign tumors are polyclonal
d. size >10cm has an increased risk of malignancy
e. cords of tumour cells in veins indicates malignancy
a. not even moderate mitotic activity
- Not a location of ectopic pancreatic tissue (repeat)
a. duodenum
b. jejunum
c. ileum
d. colon
e. stomach
colon
- Which is most likely bilateral (no serous was not an option)
a. endometriod
b. Brenner
c. mucinous
d. dermoid (mature teratoma)
a. endometriod 30 odd percent
- Which is most likely bilateral (no serous was not an option)
a. endometriod 30 odd percent
b. Brenner 6-7%
c. mucinous 5%
d. dermoid (mature teratoma) 20%
- What makes serous the most likely diagnosis in a right sided ovarian tumor that is cystic and 5 cm
a. similar lesion on the other side
b. ascites
c. calcifications
d. papillary projections
a. similar lesion on the other side
23. What makes serous the most likely diagnosis in a right sided ovarian tumor that is cystic and 5 cm
a. similar lesion on the other side
b. ascites
c. calcifications
d. papillary projections others, such as mucinous, can have these
- Carcinoid affects which heart valves
a. tricuspid and pulmonary
b. mitral and aortic can if lung origin
c. tricuspid and mitral
d. aortic and pulmonary
a. tricuspid and pulmonary
- Craniopharingomas incorrect
a. lobulated and ill defined
b. can calcify in a child
c. bimodal
d. In adults CPs are solid
a. lobulated and ill defined (well defined)
26 CF wrong
a. affects Na channel
b. presents as pancreatitis in children
c. most associated with DF508 mutation
d. on chromosome 7
e. azospermia
f. CF is commonly associated with deficiency of fat soluble vitamins
a. affects Na channel CFTR gene located on chromosome 7q31.2
∂F508
a. affects Na channel
b. presents as pancreatitis in children not initial presentation
c. most associated with DF508 mutation
d. on chromosome 7
e. azospermia
f. CF is commonly associated with deficiency of fat soluble vitamins
- CF most commonly associated
a pseudomonas
b. TB
c. ABPA
a pseudomonas almost all patients
28 Ewings true (repeat)
a. most commonly 15-20 year olds
b. neuroblastoma is in the differential
c. occurs in metaphysis
d. aggressive chondroblastoma is in the differential
e. characterized by early metastases to the liver
a. most commonly 15-20 year olds median 13 years
a. most commonly 15-20 year olds - median 13 years
b. neuroblastoma is in the differential **LJS - can look like neuroblastoma mets but only in appropriate age group. Mean age of neuroblastoma presentation in 2 yr, so younger than Ewings
c. occurs in metaphysis - yes but also diaphysis (30%), flat bones
d. aggressive chondroblastoma is in the differential
e. characterized by early metastases to the liver
- Neuroblastoma true
a. under 1 year old commonly spontaneously regress
b. usually amendable to complete surgical resection at diagnosis
c. diagnosis and surveillance done with VMA and HMA
c. diagnosis and surveillance done with VMA and HMA
a. under 1 year old commonly spontaneously regress can do, not common?
b. usually amendable to complete surgical resection at diagnosis 70% stage 3 or 4
c. diagnosis and surveillance done with VMA and HMA
- Wilms tumor true
a. WAGR
b. when bilateral almost always have nephrogenic rests
c. poor prognosis despite treatment
*LW:
a. WAGR :
The WAGR syndrome stands for:
Wilms tumours (greatly increased risk)
Aniridia
Genital anomalies
intellectual Retardation (disability)
b. when bilateral almost always have nephrogenic rests:
Probably true: Robbins states; important to document presence of neprhogenic rests in resected specimen, as patient at increased risk for developing Wilms in contra lateral kidney.
c. poor prognosis despite treatment: False, usually good outcome with treatment.
- Elderly male patient with known heart disease, develops cirrhosis. What is the most likely underlying condition? (repeat)
a. restrictive pericarditis
b. dilated cardiomyopathy
c. aortic stenosis
d. mitral valve disease
e. ASD
*LW: difficult question, as most common cause of congestive cirrhosis is right sided failure, with most common cause of RHF is left sided failure, with below frequency:
The most frequent causes of cardiac cirrhosis are the following:
Ischemic heart disease (31%)
Cardiomyopathy (23%)
Valvular heart disease (23%)
Primary lung disease (15%)
Pericardial disease (8%)
Thus for the listed options, if a true recall, I would favour dilated cardiomyopathy.
Previous answers:
a. restrictive pericarditis
- Elderly male patient with known heart disease, develops cirrhosis. What is the most likely underlying condition? (repeat)
a. restrictive pericarditis
b. dilated cardiomyopathy
c. aortic stenosis may also be true – most common cause of right heart failure is left heart failure (ischaemic, HTn, valvular disease most common)
d. mitral valve disease
e. ASD
- Doesn’t cause hepatic fibrosis (repeat)
a. Budd Chiari
b. biliary atresia
c. hemochromatosis
d. Wilsons
e. Alpha 1 anti-trypsin
*LW:
All do, although only in chronic / slow developing thrombus of Budd Chiari, and not in acute setting, thus if was acute Budd Chiari, this would be my favoured option for not causing hepatic fibrosis.
All do?, PSC, PBC, schistosomiasis, NRH and fibropolycystic may not. Would probably choose budd chiari if I had to.
- Which is not a type of Hodkins Lymphoma (repeat)
a. lymphocyte predominant
b. lymphocyte rich
c. lymphocyte depleted
d. anaplastic
e. mixed cellularity
d. anaplastic
- Most common thyroid cancer (repeat)
a. anaplastic
b. papillary
c. medullary
d. follicular
e. Hurtle cell
b. papillary
- Which of these conditions are correctly described
a. Sturge Weber - cortical malformations, seizures and glioma
b. NF2 - plexiform neurofibroma, brain and spinal astrocytoma, and hyper pigmented skin lesions
c. VHL - cerebellar haemangioblastoma, adrenal and lung cancer
d. HHT - mucosal telangiectasia, cerebral and lung AVMs
e. Tuberous sclerosis - subependymomas, mental retardation and RCC
d. HHT - mucosal telangiectasia, cerebral and lung AVMs
- LW:
a. Sturge Weber - cortical malformations, seizures and glioma: Incorrect - No glioma. VHL has Subcortical Ca++ with volume loss, facial cutaneous haemangioma V1 of the trigeminal nerve, childhood seizures, choroidal or scleral angiomatous involvement, which may be complicated with retinal detachment, buphthalmos or glaucoma.
b. NF2 - plexiform neurofibroma, brain and spinal astrocytoma, and hyper pigmented skin lesions: No neurofibromas in NF2 (occurs in NF1).
c. VHL - cerebellar haemangioblastoma, adrenal and lung cancer: Associated with adrenal pheochomocytomas, not adrenal carcinoma, no mention of lung cancer.
d. HHT - mucosal telangiectasia, cerebral and lung AVMs: Correct.
e. Tuberous sclerosis - subependymomas, mental retardation and RCC: RCC doesn’t occur with greater frequency, rather at a younger age than normal population.
- Infective endocarditis least correct
a. Associated with mycotic aneurysms
b. Infection of the aortic valve may spread through the aortic valve ring to the pericardium
c. Infection of the aortic valve may cause aortic incompetence
d. Left sided valves are involved more commonly than right sided valves
e. fungal endocarditis is a rare cause
b. Infection of the aortic valve may spread through the aortic valve ring to the pericardium
* LW: ring abscess into adjacent myocardium
- What is most indicative of a complication post pneumonectomy (repeat)
a. Rising air fluid level
b. mediastinal shift towards the side of pneumonectomy
c. mediastinal shift away from the side of pneumonectomy
d. no mediastinal shift
e. complete obliteration of the pneumonectomy site
c. mediastinal shift away from the side of pneumonectomy
- Thalamic and basal ganglia infarct in a 30 year old female patient. Which vein is most likely thrombosed (repeat)
a. ISS
b. SSS
c. internal cerebral veins
d. cavernous sinus
e. vein of Labbe
c. internal cerebral veins
- Phaeochromocytoma is not seen in
a. VHL
b. Von Recklinghausen
c. Sturge Weber
d. MEN1
e. VHL
d. MEN1
- Anaphylaxis may be associated with contrast and may occur within a wide time frame after administration. Which is most relevant with regards to anaphylaxis?
a. Hives and normal BP
b. Gastrointestinal symptoms and normal BP
c. Respiratory distress and increased BP
d. mucosal swelling and decreased BP
e. Rash and increased BP
d. mucosal swelling and decreased BP
- Lowest association with gastrointestinal malignancy
a. pernicious anemia
b. partial gastrectomy
c. Cronkite Canada syndrome
d. Coeliac disease
e. Ulcerative colitis
- LW:
c. Cronkite Canada syndrome
- Lowest association with gastrointestinal malignancy
a. pernicious anemia can cause carcinoid, adenocarcinoma.
b. partial gastrectomy increased risk
c. Cronkite Canada syndrome: non-neoplastic, non-hereditary hamartomatous polyposis syndrome characterised by rash, alopecia, and watery diarrhoea, with no increased risk of malignancy.
d. Coeliac disease increased risk adeno, lymphoma
e. Ulcerative colitis adeno
42 Pseudomembranes are most commonly seen in: (repeat)
a. Pseudomembranous colitis and dysentery
b. Pseudomembranous colitis and ischemic colitis
c. Inflammatory bowel disease and dysentery(sic)
d. Pseudomembranous colitis and Chrons
*LW: b. Pseudomembranous colitis and ischemic colitis
Most common cause of pseudo membranes is Pseudomembranous colitis secondary to C. Difficile infection. The other mention of pseudomembranes in Robbins is Ischaemic colitis, volvulus, necrotising infections (Staph, shigella, candida, NEC) thus B is favoured answer.
Previous answer:
Less common non-C. difficile causes of pseudomembranous colitis include Behcet’s disease, collagenous colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemic colitis, other infections organisms (e.g. bacteria, parasites, viruses), and a handful of drugs and toxins.
- Least associated with smoking: (repeat)
a. Small cell carcinoma
b. Large cell carcinoma
c. Invasive adenocarcinoma
d. Adenocarcinoma with lepidic spread (BAC)
e. Typical carcinoid
e. Typical carcinoid
- Which is not a location of small blue cell tumour in a child (repeat)
a. Renal
b. Testes
c. Eye
d. Bone
e. Brain
b. Testes
- True regarding Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
a. No increased risk of cancer
b. Rarely detectable anti thyroid antibody
c. Presentation with hyperthyroidism is rare
d. Rarely causes hypothyroidism
e. Rarely cause a goiter
- LW:
c. Presentation with hyperthyroidism is rare 5%
- True regarding Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
a. No increased risk of cancer - FALSE Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, possibly papillary cancer.
b. Rarely detectable anti thyroid antibody: False
c. Presentation with hyperthyroidism is rare - TRUE 5%
d. Rarely causes hypothyroidism: FALSE
e. Rarely cause a goiter - FALSE
- Why is Pagets occult? (repeat)
a. It is an ezcematoid reaction and may be associated with other conditions
b. DCIS infiltrates the areola and DCIS may be mammographically occult
c. DCIS infiltrates the areola and rarely (<3%) extends beyond the lactiferous sinuses
d. A paraneoplastic reaction
b. DCIS infiltrates the areola and DCIS may be mammographically occult
- EAA
a. Fibrosis occurs in the lower zones
b. DDX for UIP
c. organic allergens
d. honeycombing
c. organic allergens
- Not associated with dilated perivascular spaces (repeat)
a. cystercicosis
b. TBI
c. Cryptococcus
d. metachromatic leukoencephalopathy
*LW: favoured answer is D - metachromatic leukoencephalopathy
Radiopedia states dilated perivascular space associations:
They are usually idiopathic, although they are seen in greater frequency in:
- mucopolysaccharidoses, e.g. Hunter disease, Hurler disease
- some muscular dystrophies
- traumatic brain injury
- hypertensive encephalopathy
- cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Mimics:
- Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts
Therefore:
a. cystercicosis: likely a mimic.
b. TBI: True
c. Cryptococcus: true
d. metachromatic leukoencephalopathy: Likely not associated hence favoured answer: Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is the most common hereditary (autosomal recessive) leukodystrophy, lysosomal storage disorders. It has characteristic imaging features including peri-atrial and to a lesser extent frontal horns leukodystrophy as well as periventricular perivenular sparing.
Previous answers:
All of these!! probably put metachromatic leukoencephalopathy
a. cystercicosis ? Mimic
b. TBI definitely
c. Cryptococcus definitely
d. metachromatic leukoencephalopathy Not mentioned in Stat Dx, but is elsewhere
- Regarding GTD which is true (similar to previous years)
a. Gestational and non-gestational choriocarcinoma have the same prognosis
b. 10-15% of partial moles lead to choriocarcinoma
c. Complete mole is usually due to 1-2 sperm fertilizing an egg devoid of chromosomes
d. 25% arise from aborted pregnancies
c. Complete mole is usually due to 1-2 sperm fertilizing an egg devoid of chromosomes
a. Gestational and non-gestational choriocarcinoma have the same prognosis
b. 10-15% of partial moles lead to choriocarcinoma
c. Complete mole is usually due to 1-2 sperm fertilizing an egg devoid of chromosomes
d. 25% arise from aborted pregnancies - true for choriocarcinoma
- Which is the most common cause of osteomalacia
a. renal failure
b. vitamin D deficiency
c. hypophosphatemia
d. hyperparathyroidism
a. renal failure
- Regarding Conns which is true
a. single adrenal (yes that’s all they put)
b. hyperkalemia
c. hypercalcemia
d. hypotension
a. single adrenal (yes that’s all they put) usually solitary adrenal adenoma.
- Regarding HSV encephalitis which is true?
a. involves limbic system
b. hemorrhagic
c. spares basal ganglia
d. unilateral
e. has mass effect
*LW: likely poor recall and likely which is false:
a. involves limbic system - TRUE
b. hemorrhagic - TRUE (can be haemorrgic)
c. spares basal ganglia - TRUE
d. unilateral - FLASE usually bilaterall but asymmetric
e. has mass effect: TRUE
Previous answer
c. spares basal ganglia
- Regarding spinal tumours
a. Ependymomas and haemangioblastomas are the most common spinal tumours in adults
b. Medulloblastoma is the most common childhood brain tumour under 4 years
c. The most common intradural extramedullary tumour in the lumbar spine is meningioma
d. The most common intradural intramedullary tumour in the lumbar spine is lymphoma
- LW: difficult question all technically wrong….. so would then roll the dice with medulloblastoma
55. Regarding spinal tumours
a. Ependymomas and haemangioblastomas are the most common spinal tumours in adults: FALSE epndymomas most common, astrocytoma second most common.
b. Medulloblastoma is the most common childhood brain tumour under 4 years: most common posterior fossa mass, although controversal as DOnnely states astrocytoma most common posterior fossa mass also.
c. The most common intradural extramedullary tumour in the lumbar spine is meningioma: FALSE, meningioma is most common in thoracic spine, with only 5% of meningiomas occuring in the lumbar spine.
d. The most common intradural intramedullary tumour in the lumbar spine is lymphoma: False - intra medullary lymphoma most commony effects cervical > thoracic > lumbar.
**LJS - agree. JPA most common paediatric brain tumour, but peak incidence 5-20yr, and medulloblastoma 2nd most common posterior fossa tumour and is typically younger (0-4yr). All others are false, this is best answer
Previous answer:
b. Medulloblastoma is the most common childhood brain tumour under 4 years most common posterior fossa.
- Which is not a WHO grade 1 tumor
a. subependymal giant cell tumour
b. pilocytic astrocytoma
c. pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
d. optic nerve glioma
c. pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
- Demyelination which is false (repeat).
a. Central pontine myelinosis is associated with alcoholism
b. ADEM follows a bacterial infection reasonably well documented
c. In MS, “Dawson’s fingers” are related to the medullary veins
d. In MS, demyelination occurs in a perivenous distribution
e. Diffuse axonal injury results in demyelination
Difficult
ADEM can follow bacterial infection.
DAI can result in demyelination.
**LJS agree, diffc. Robbins says after viral infection or viral immunisation, but googling suggests many think it can happen after bacterial infection.
Robbins doesn’t mention demylination in DAI section, but papers mention this as a long term consequence, along with Wallerian degeneration of the axons
*LW:
UpToDate (which our exam is not): states the following non viral pathogens have been implicated in ADEM:
—> Borrelia burgdorferi, chlamydia, Leptospira, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, rickettsia, and beta hemolytic Streptococcus
- Which is false regarding lung cancer (repeat)
a. squamous cell is central
b. small cell is peripheral
c. carcinoid arises from neuroendocrine cells
d. smoking is responsible for 80% of lung cancers
b. small cell is peripheral can be both
- What does LCH not involve (repeat)
a. skull
b. orbit
c. adenohypophyseal axis
d. trachea and major bronchi
e. pulmonary interstitium and alveoli
d. trachea and major bronchi
- Wegners false (repeat)
a. renal artery vasculitis
b. upper respiratory granulomatosis
c. lower respiratory granulomas
d. glomulonephritis
e. pulmonary artery vasculitis
probably renal artery vasculitis- the glomeruli vessels are affected not renal artery
pulmonary artery definitely affected
- Which causes hypersensitivity pneumonitis (EAA)
a. silica dust
b. asbestos dust
c. thermophilic bacteria
c. thermophilic bacteria
- Doesn’t cause lung fibrosis (repeat)
a. aspirin
b. bleomycin
c. methotrexate
d. busulphan
e. nitrofurantoin
a. aspirin
**LJS - aspirin causes ILD but is ARDS like reaction, ?not fibrotic
- Which is true
a. if a patient has an AVM and an aneurysm if there is a bleed there is a greater than 50% chance that the aneurysm is what bled
b. a 25mm aneurysm is more likely to rupture than a 10mm aneurysm
b. a 25mm aneurysm is more likely to rupture than a 10mm aneurysm
- In regards to sellar masses: (may be melding several questions here)
a. Pituitary adenomas are associated with VHL
b. The papillary type of craniopharyngioma is typically cystic
c. Pituitary microadenomas can present with lactation, amenorrhoea and loss of libido
d. Pituitary macroadenomas can cause bitemporal hemianopia
e. Pituitary microadenomas are found incidentally in 2% of autopsies
c. Pituitary microadenomas can present with lactation, amenorrhoea and loss of libido
d. Pituitary macroadenomas can cause bitemporal hemianopia
- Lung cancer which is false:
a. Bronchial adenoma central
b. Bronchial adenoma always benign and never metastasises
c. Carcinoid derived from neuroendocrine cells
d. Adenocarcinoma equal in men and women
e. bronchial carcinomas are rarely secondary
*LW:
bronchial adenoma was the historical and incorrect term for bronchila carcinoid - classic question….
b. Bronchial adenoma always benign and never metastasises
- Ependymoma
a. Involves foramen magnum in majority of paediatric presentations
b. Cause hydrocephalus by overproduction of CSF
c. Affects lateral ventricle in adults
*LW:
Would favour option A:
a. Involves foramen magnum in majority of paediatric presentations:
- Soft plastic tumour that squeezes through foramen of Magendie into cisterna MAgna.
b. Cause hydrocephalus by overproduction of CSF: doesnt produce CSF, hydrocephlus secondary to obstruction.
c. Affects lateral ventricle in adults:
- Adults still commonly occurs in posterior fossa
- Supra tentorial is more commonly intra parenchymal
Previous answer:
c. Affects lateral ventricle in adults?
- Regarding Hodgkin’s disease (repeat)
a. Reed Sternberg cells are abnormal B cells
b. Hodgkin’s disease can co-exist with NHL
c. can not diagnose Hodgkin’s on FNA
a. Reed Sternberg cells are abnormal B cells
Reed-Sternberg cells are a classical finding diagnostic of Hodgkin lymphoma. They are giant, multinucleated cells with abundant pale cytoplasm.
- Septic arthritis of the knee least commonly spreads from
a. An abscess
b. Osteomyelitis
c. Adjacent cellulitis
d. Iatrogenic (eg. from a joint replacement)
c. Adjacent cellulitis
Haematogenous spread is more common than contiguous
- VHL – which is least likely
a. pheochomocytona (yes it was spelt that way)
b. camebellar haemangioblastoma (yes it was spelt that way) - Assume thye mean cerebellar haemangioblastoma
c. pancreatic cancer
d. renal cell carcinoma
e. renal haemangioblastoma
*LW: - Renal heamangioma
VHL Associations:
a. pheochromocytona - TRUE 20-30%
b. Cerebellar haemangioblastoma - TRUE approx 60%
c. pancreatic cancer - Less True - Pancreatic cysts, neuroendocrine tumours, serous cystadenoma, adenocarcinoma rare.
d. renal cell carcinoma: TRUE
e. renal haemangioblastoma - FALSE (Renal lesions of RCC, cysts, angiomyolipomas)
- Regarding BPH which is false.
a. Nodules start initially in the peripheral zone
b. Is a pre-malignant condition
c. Can be associated with a raised PSA
*LW:
a. Nodules start initially in the peripheral zone - False (i think, as affects the transition / central zone)
b. Is a pre-malignant condition` - FALSE
- Which is the commonest cause of jaundice in pregnancy? (repeat)
a) Intrahepatic cholestasis
b) Viral hepatitis
c) HELLP
d) Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
e) Preeclampsia
b) Viral hepatitis in robbins
- Most common solid hypothalamic lesion in a 15 year old male
a. Ependymoma
b. Ganglioglioma
c. GBM
d. Pilocytic astrocytoma
d. Pilocytic astrocytoma
- Thickened gastric folds but preserved rugae which is most likely?
a. GIST
b. Ectopic pancreas
c. Lymphoma
d. Linitis plastic
e. Carcinoid.
c. Lymphoma
- In regards to adenomyosis which is true?
a. more uniform enlargement compared to fibroids
b. early loss of cyclical hormonal influence
c. found in ?% of autopsy specimens
d. each nest of cells is monoclonal
a. more uniform enlargement compared to fibroids
- Regarding hydrocephalus which is true (repeat)
a. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a non-communicating hydrocephalus with normal pressure on LP.
b. 40% of young adults with hydrocephalus have increased head size
c. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is caused by an obstructing mass
d. Ependymomas cause hydrocephalus by overproduction of CSF
e. Severe obstructive hydrocephalus can cause rupture of the suprapineal recess
e. Severe obstructive hydrocephalus can cause rupture of the suprapineal recess
- Regarding muscle denervation which is true?
a. muscle injury results in lipofuscin accumulation
b. denervation injury results in fatty atrophy
c. muscle displays myoglobulin accumulation
d. muscle displays fibrosis
b. denervation injury results in fatty atrophy
a. muscle injury results in lipofuscin accumulation Kaplan notes say this occurs with atrophy. Elsewhere says age related
- Regarding undescended testicles which is true
a. more likely to undergo torsion
b. most that are detected on initial screening have descended by 1 year
c. most are intra-abdominal
b. most that are detected on initial screening have descended by 1 year
- With regard to ILD, which of the following statements is false? (repeat)
a. Collagen vascular disease associated with NSIP
b. Connective tissue disease associated with UIP
c. Heavy smoking associated with DIP
d. DIP has a better prognosis than UIP
e. UIP has a better prognosis than NSIP
e. UIP has a better prognosis than NSIP
- A 60 year old woman is on hormonal replacement therapy. Which is most likely (repeat)
a. cholestasis
b. cholelithiasis
c. acute fatty liver
d. cirhossis
e. hepatic necrosis
b. cholelithiasis
a. cholestasis this is also in robbins
- Which of these conditions is not associated with breast cancer
a. BRCA2
b. VHL
c. Cowden
d. ataxia telengectasia
b. VHL
Genetic conditions associated with breast cancer: BRCA 1 / 2 Li Fraumeni syndrome Cowden disease Ataxia telangiectasia.
- Which exposure is not assoc? (repeat)
a. asbestos and lung Ca
b. analgesia and TCC
c. lead and sarcoma
d. mercury and RCC
e. smoking and bladder ca
c. lead and sarcoma
