path recallse sept 2013 NSW - formatted Flashcards
- Cause of PML
a. HIV
b. Jakob Creutzfeldt virus
c. Measles
d. rabies
e. CMV
*LW:
JC virus:
JC virus activation in immunosuppression such as HIV, post transplant etc.
a. HIV jc virus in HIV. Bilateral, asymmetrical in frontotemporal most common, involve subcortical u-fibres.
- VHL not associated (repeat)
a. renal cell papillary
b. renal cell clear cell
c. casabellar (yes misspelled like that) haemangioblastoma
d. renal haemangioblastoma
d. pheochromocytoma
a. renal cell papillary
- Hyaline membrane disease what is incorrect (slight variation on previous)
a. predisposed in maternal diabetes
b. predisposed in cesarean section
c. type I pneumocytes produce surfactant
d. bronchi lined with necrotic cells and fibrin
c. type I pneumocytes produce surfactant type 1 pneumocyte - gas exchange
type 2 pneumocyte - surfactant
primary hyaline deficiency - rare
secondary hyaline deficiency - maternal diabetes
- What is most likely to be a spiculated mass
a. tubular
b. medullary
c. papillary
d. lobular
e. DCIS
a. tubular almost always spiculated mass.
e. DCIS also most common appearance but may be asymmetries or distortions in up to 50%
- Which is not important in grading breast cancer
a. invasive lobular carcinoma
b. mitosis
c. tubule formation
d. mucin production
e. nuclear pleomorphism
*LW: Grade of breast carcinoma: - tubule formation - nuclear grade - mitotic rate.
thus invasive lobular carcinoma and mucin production are not features of the normal histological grading of breast cancer.
All are
- Medulloblastoma which is false
a. has rosettes
b. Has round nucleus with abundant cytoplasm
c. Most common paediatric posterior fossa tumour
- LW:
5. Medulloblastoma which is false
a. has rosettes - TRUE Homer Wright ROssettes.
b. Has round nucleus with abundant cytoplasm - FALSE - Scant cytoplasm
c. Most common paediatric posterior fossa tumour: controversial but likely true out of these options.
- Which is least associated with NF1
a. lisch nodules
b. CN 8 schwannoma
c. kyposcolois
d. café au lait
b. CN 8 schwannoma
- CCAM (similar to prior repeat)
a. supplied by systemic circulation
b. mostly homogenous
c. most contains 1 or more large cysts
d. has a well defined internal bronchial system
c. most contains 1 or more large cysts
- Sequestration most common location (repeat)
- LLL
- RLL
- LUL
- RML
- RUL
- LLL
- CF is caused by a genetic trait that needs to be homozygous to be symptomatic.
a. Two heterozygous parents have a 25% chance of a symptomatic child
b. Two symptomatic homozygous parents have a 50% chance of a symptomatic child
c. A symptomatic homozygous parent and a heterozygous parent etc.
a. Two heterozygous parents have a 25% chance of a symptomatic child
AR inheritence
- Gout which is false (repeat)
a. 10% die of renal failure
b. tophi calcify
c. tophi occur in fingertips and toes
d. erosions occur before marked loss of articular cartilage
e. can be secondary to chronic diuretic use
a. 10% die of renal failure - 20%
- Gout which is false (repeat)
a. 10% die of renal failure - 20%
b. tophi calcify – can do
c. tophi occur in fingertips and toes depends on what you define as a finger tip – definitely occur around the DIPJ
d. erosions occur before marked loss of articular cartilage possibly. Both occur in chronic tophaceous. **LJS agree - joint space is preserved until late
- Pancreatitis Which is incorrect (variation of repeat)
a. 10-20% of patients with gallstones get acute pancreatitis
b. SPINK1 gene can cause acute pancreatitis
c. associated with activation of trypsinogen
d. seen pathologically with yellow chalky appearance indicating necrotic fat
a. 10-20% of patients with gallstones get acute pancreatitis 5% in robbins.
Although Radiopaedia says up to 15%
spink 1 gene - Mutations in this gene are associated with hereditary pancreatitis and tropical calcific pancreatitis - cause chronic pancreatitis
macroscopic - swollen pale pancreas.
- Alpha 1 anti-trypsin which is false
a. causes cirrhosis and emphysema
b. AD with variable penetrance
c. classically causes lower zone emphysema
d. is a common cause of jaundice in the neonate
- LW: Favoured answer is B: AD is incorrect, it is AR inheritance.
a. causes cirrhosis and emphysema: True
b. AD with variable penetrance: False, Robbins states it as AR.
c. classically causes lower zone emphysema: True
d. is a common cause of jaundice in the neonate: Likely true, Robbins states among new borns 10-20% show colestasis.
- Which does not cause AVN (variant of previous)
a. cirrhosis
b. pancreatitis
c. collagen vascular disease
d. dysbarism
e. gauchers
a. cirrhosis although alcoholism can
- Which does not cause AVN (yes question repeated with one different option)
a. AMI
b. pancreatitis
c. collagen vascular disease
d. dysbarism
e. gauchers
a. AMI
- Which does not cause acute small bowel ischemia (repeat)
a. atherosclerotic stenosis SMA
b. Bechets
c. PAN
d. atrial fibrillation
e. aortic dissection
b. Bechets not specifically mentioned in robbins
Behçet disease is a multisystemic and chronic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology.
- What favors acute over sub acute bacterial endocarditis
a. 1 cm large vegetation
b. slow increase in size of vegetation
c. no presence of metastatic infection
d. no perforation of leaflets
e. pre-existing damaged valve leaflet
*LW:
Agree, favoured answer is large vegetation:
Pathoma states, Strep viridins most commons cause over all, as causes Sub acute IE - resulting in small vegetations.
Staph aureus high virulence organism, resulting in large vegetations.
a. 1 cm large vegetation
- What favors acute over sub acute bacterial endocarditis
a. 1 cm large vegetation This is what the Auckland intensive course answers had as correct
b. slow increase in size of vegetation: Sub acute
c. no presence of metastatic infection: sub acute.
d. no perforation of leaflets: sub acute.
e. pre-existing damaged valve leaflet - I think best answer if question is “what favours subacute over acute”..
- Fibroadenomas false (similar to prior repeats)
a. common in postmenopausal women
b. most below the age of 45
c. contain foci of invasive carcinoma
d. more than a third in patients on cyclosporine for renal
c. contain foci of invasive carcinoma
- Fibroadenomas false (similar to prior repeats)
a. common in postmenopausal women but uncommonly present post menopause
b. most below the age of 45
c. contain foci of invasive carcinoma do have a very low rate of conversion.
- Adamantinoma true
a. multicystic lytic lesion
b. single lytic lesion
c. multiple lytic lesions
d. sclerosis and trabecular thickening
a. multicystic lytic lesion
- Leiomyoma which is true (repeat)
a. not even moderate mitotic activity
b. bleeding is associated with malignancy
c. benign tumors are polyclonal
d. size >10cm has an increased risk of malignancy
e. cords of tumour cells in veins indicates malignancy
a. not even moderate mitotic activity
- Not a location of ectopic pancreatic tissue (repeat)
a. duodenum
b. jejunum
c. ileum
d. colon
e. stomach
colon
- Which is most likely bilateral (no serous was not an option)
a. endometriod
b. Brenner
c. mucinous
d. dermoid (mature teratoma)
a. endometriod 30 odd percent
- Which is most likely bilateral (no serous was not an option)
a. endometriod 30 odd percent
b. Brenner 6-7%
c. mucinous 5%
d. dermoid (mature teratoma) 20%
- What makes serous the most likely diagnosis in a right sided ovarian tumor that is cystic and 5 cm
a. similar lesion on the other side
b. ascites
c. calcifications
d. papillary projections
a. similar lesion on the other side
23. What makes serous the most likely diagnosis in a right sided ovarian tumor that is cystic and 5 cm
a. similar lesion on the other side
b. ascites
c. calcifications
d. papillary projections others, such as mucinous, can have these
- Carcinoid affects which heart valves
a. tricuspid and pulmonary
b. mitral and aortic can if lung origin
c. tricuspid and mitral
d. aortic and pulmonary
a. tricuspid and pulmonary