Path: Male Repro Flashcards
What is hypospadias and epispadias and a common association?
Hypo: abnormal opening on the ventral surface of the penis, malformation of the rethral groove and canal Epi: abnormal opening on the dorsal side of the penis Both are associated with failure of normal descent of testes and malformation of the urinary tract
What is Phimosis?
Orifice of the prepuce is too small to permit normal retraction around the glans penis. Results in repeated attacks of infection
Etiology of Condyloma Acuminatum.
HPV infection
Most frequent serotype of HPV that causes warts.
HPV 6 (11 is less common)
Characteristic Morphological change of cells in an HPV infection.
Koilocytic change: cytoplasmic vacuolization of the squamous cells
Name the two types of morphology of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis.
- Papillary: similar to condyloma acuminata
- Flat: epithelial thicening, graying of mucosal surface, ulceated papule
What is a major complication of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis?
Metastasis to the inguinal lymph nodes.
(drops the prognosis of 5 year survival from 66% to 27%)
What is cryptorchidism?
Failure of descent of one or both testes from the abdominal cavity.
Major complications of cryptorchidism.
Thickening (hyalinization) of the seminiferous basement membrane leading to infertility along with impaired sperm maturation.
Also greater risk of developing testicular cancer.
Which infections attack the epididymis before the testes?
Gonorrhea
TB
Which infections attack the testes before the epididymis?
Mumps
Syphilis (doesn’t actually infect testes)
What is testicular torsion?
Twisting of the Spermatic Cord cutting off venous drainage, however, the arteries remain patent.
Etiology of neonatal testicular torsion.
No anatomic defect, just associated with growth in the uterus.
Etiology of Adult Testicular Torsion.
Results from bilateral anatomic defect.
Name the two broad categories of germ cell tumors.
- Seminomatous: resemble germ cells
- Non-seminomatous: resemble embryonic stem cells
What do non-seminomatous tumors that become malignant differentiate into? (3 categories)
- Yolk sac tumors
- Choriocarcinomas
- Teratomas
Most common germ cell tumor in males.
Seminoma
Gross morphology of a seminoma.
Bulky testicular mass, 10x the normal size
Marker used to differentiate classic seminomas from other seminomatous tumors.
Elevated HCG levels from syncytiotrophoblast formation.
Microscopic characteristic of Spermatocytic Seminomas.
Contain three cell populations (small, medium, scattered giants)
Microscopic morphology of Embryonal Carcinomas of the testes.
Mitotic Figures with giant cells
Most common testicular tumor.
Yolk Sac Tumor
Characteristic microscopic morphology of Yolk Sac Tumors.
Schiller-Duval Bodies
-structures resembling endodermal sinuses and primitive glomeruli
Non-seminomatous tumor that may cause increased levels of HCG.
Choriocarcinoma (syncytiotrophoblastic cells produce it)
Which non-seminomatous tumor has organoid structures like neural tissue, muscle bundles, islands of cartilage, clusters of squamous cell, etc.?
Teratomas (tumors derived from multiple embryonic germ layers)
Which teratomas are most likely malignant?
Those that arise after puberty
