Path Final Additional cards 2 Flashcards
1
Q
IgM is the natural antibody against what?
A
ABO blood group ag.
2
Q
Which Ig has the smallest molecular weight?
A
IgG.
3
Q
When will IgG be produced?
A
Small amounts produced on initial immunization and boosted on re-exposure.
4
Q
IgG’s act as an opsonin which is what?
A
bacteria coating and phagocytosis.
5
Q
IgA will be mainly found where?
A
In mucosal secretions; milk, tears, respiratory, GI tract.
6
Q
What is the function of IgA?
A
Protective.
7
Q
What Ig is secreted by sensitized plasma cells in tissues?
A
IgE.
8
Q
IgE are attached locally to what?
A
Mast cells.
9
Q
What is the function of IgE’s?
A
mediates allergic reactions in tissues, and to protect against parasites.
10
Q
Where are IgD’s found at?
A
Cell membrane-bound found exclusively on B cells.
11
Q
What is the function of the IgD?
A
participates in antigenic activation of B cells
12
Q
Which of the Ig’s will not be released in the serum?
A
IgD.
13
Q
What is the Major Histocompatiblity complex essential for?
A
presentation of antigens to T cells.
14
Q
The major histocompatibility complex is AKA?
A
human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
15
Q
What is an immunologic finger print unique to me?
A
my major histocopmatibility complex.
16
Q
What are the 2 groups of the major histocompatibilty complex?
A
Type I and Type II.
17
Q
The type I major histocompatibility complex has receptors for what?
A
CD8+ or the T suppressor or cytotoxic cells.
18
Q
The type II major histocompatibility complex reacts with what?
A
CD4+ or the T-helper cells.
19
Q
What are the antigen-presenting cells of the major histocompatibility complex?
A
Macrophages, and B cells if antigen is internalized.
20
Q
What is the function of the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?
A
To present antigens to T cells.
21
Q
T cells can only react to membrane-bound antigens and this means what?
A
Without Antigen presenting cells T cell will have no reaction to antigens.
22
Q
MHC type I is a receptor for the CD8+ cells and are found where?
A
On all nucleated cells of the body.
23
Q
MCH type I links what to what?
A
CD8+ or the T suppressor or cytotoxic cells to antigen presenting cells (APC).
24
Q
MCH type II react with the CD4+ or T helper cells and this will lead to what?
A
antigen presenting cells to Helper T lymphocytes. This serves as a presentation of exogenous antigens that are first internalized and processed.
25
MHC is AKA?
HLA or human leukocyte antigen.
26
Type I hypersensitive reaction is due to what?
Anaphylactic.
27
Type II hypersensitive reaction is due to what?
Cytotoxic antibody mediated.
28
Type III hypersensitive reaction is due to what?
Immune complex mediated.
29
Type IV hypersensitive reaction is due to what?
Cell mediated, delayed type.
30
Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by what?
IgE, mast or basophils.
31
Type I hypersensitivity takes how long to respond?
4-6 hours.
32
Is hay fever always seasonal?
No.
33
What are the treatments for Type I hypersensitivity?
anti-histamines, Vitamin C, Desensitization.
34
Asthma is what type of hypersensitivity?
Type I.
35
Type I hypersensitivty associated with asthma affects what?
Bronchi.
36
Will asthma always be a hypersensitivty disease?
No there are many types.
37
Hypersensitive asthma is due to an inhaled antigen mediated by what?
SRS-As a slow release.
38
What supplement can relax the airways?
Magnesium.
39
What is a side effect of magnesium?
It relaxes the smooth muscle and can lead to a warm feeling.
40
Atopic dermatitis is a type I hypersensivity and it is typically a _____ disease.
Childhood.
41
Atopic dermatitis is aka?
Eczema.
42
what % of children get atopic dermatitis?
10%.
43
OF the 10% of children that get atopic dermatitis how many of them have family history of atopic dermatitis?
50%.
44
How will allergen that causes atopic dermatitis enter the body?
inhaled, ingested in food, or skin contact.
45
Atopic deramtitis is sometimes treated with corticosteroids and this can cause what?
Asthma/hay fever later in life.
46
What is a severe sytemic response to an allergen called?
Anaphylactic shock.
47
Anaphylactic shock is what type of hypersensitve reaction?
Type I.
48
What happens with anaphylactic shock?
A massive release of histamine/other vasoactive substances.
49
What are the signs of anaphylactic shock?
chocking, wheezing, shortness of breath.
50
What is the treatment of anaphylactic shock?
epinephrine STAT, high flow O2 non-rebreather.
51
What type of hypersensitivity is associated with autoimmune diseases?
Type II.
52
What causes Type II hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic antibody that reacts to antigen in cells or tissue components.
53
With type II hypersensitivity the antigen can be where?
Extrinsic or intrinsic.
54
Type II hypersensitivity is mediated by what Ig's?
IgG or IgM.
55
Type II hypersensitivity activates the complement system which will do what?
Lysis of cell.
56
Give an example of a type II hypersensitive reaction?
Blood transfusion mismatch.
57
What type of hypersensitive reaction is hemolytic anemia?
Type II.
58
What is hemolytic anemia?
A systemic autoimmune disorder can be caused by foreign chemicals.
59
Goodpasture's syndrome involves what pathologies?
renal and pulmonary.
60
What causes goodpastures syndrome?
autoimmune to component of Type IV collagen.
61
What type of hypersensitivity is goodpasture's syndrome?
Type II.
62
What are the signs and symptoms of goodpastures syndrome?
Hemoptysis (coughing of blood), and hematuria.
63
What blood type can type A blood give to?
A, AB
64
What blood type can type B blood give to?
B, AB
65
What blood type can type AB blood give to?
AB
66
What blood type can type O blood give to?
O, AB, A, B
67
What blood type can type A receive from?
A, O
68
What blood type can type B receive from?
B, O
69
What blood type can type AB receive from?
AB, A, B, O
70
What blood type can type O receive from?
O
71
What is the most common minor blood group antigen?
Rh.
72
What is the major blood group antigens?
A and B.
73
Blood type A can give blood to who?
A and AB.
74
Blood type A can get blood from who?
A,O.
75
Blood type B can give blood to who?
B, AB.
76
Blood type B can get blood from who?
B, O.
77
Blood type AB can give blood to who?
Type AB.
78
Blood type AB can get blood from who?
Universal (so A,B,AB, O).
79
Bood type O can give blood to who?
Universal (so A,B,AB, O).
80
Bood type O can get blood from who?
O.
81
Rh factor is important in what?
Mother being - and baby being +, but only after mother is sensitized so can affect second birth.
82
The Rh factor causing problems with pregnancy is prevented by what?
Rhogam.
83
Fetal hydrops is caused by Rh factor incompatibility and leads to what?
Pleural effusion, ascites, scalp edema.
84
Which Vitamins are Fat soluable?
A,D,E,K.
85
Fat soluable absorption is dependent on what?
Gut and pancreas.
86
Why are fat soluable vitamins more toxic than Water soluable?
Because they accumulate in Fat.
87
What can cause fat soluable deficencies?
Malabsorption syndromes like cystic fibrosis and sprue, or mineral oil intake.
88
Which of the Water soluable vitamins can't be washed out easy and where will it be stored?
B12, folate stored in the liver.
89
Vitamin A is what Nutrient?
Retinol.
90
What are the 4 functins of retinol aka Vitamin A?
1. Rhodoposin formation. 2. Integrity of epithelia. 3. Lysosome stability. 4. Glycoprotein synthesis.
91
What will Rhodopsin do?
It is a photoreceptor pigment in the retina known as retinal.
92
What will Vitamin A deficiencies cause?
Night blindness, dry skin, perifollicular hyperkeratosis, xeropthalmia, keratomalacia, increased morbidity and mortality in young children.
93
What will Vitamin A toxicity cause?
Headache, fatigue, skin changes, hepatospleomegaly, bone thickening/arthralgias, intracranial hypertension, and papilledema.
94
What nutrient(s) will vitamin D be?
Cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol.
95
What are the 4 functions of cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka Vitamin D?
Ca and P absorption, mineralization and repair of bone, tubular reabsorption of Ca, insulin and thyroid function.
96
Vitamin D helps with insulin and thyroid function which leads to what?
Immune function, reduces autoimmune disease.
97
A cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka vitamin D deficiency leads to what?
Rickets, osteomalacia, and hypocalcemic tetany.
98
What will Vitamin D toxicity lead to?
Hypercalcemiam anorexia, renal failure, metastatic calcifications.
99
D2 and D3 what type of Vitamin D are they?
D2-ergocalciferol. D3-cholecalciferol.
100
What type of Vitamin D comes from milk and what kind comes from the sun?
milk-D2. Sun-D3.
101
What is 25-OH D3?
Storage form of Vitamin D.
102
What is 1,25 (OH)2 D3?
Active form of Vitamin D.
103
Excess Vitamin D is seen in what?
Sarcoidosis.
104
What is sarcoidosis?
disease where the pithelioid macrophages convert vitamin D inot its active form.
105
What degree latitude do you need to live below to get enough vitamin D from the sun?
the 37th.
106
What levels of Vitamin D will make you deficient, insufficient, sufficient, and toxic?
Deficient- 20 ng/ml. Insufficient- 20-29 ng/ml. Sufficient- 30 ng/ML (Dr. R says 50). Toxic- more than 150 ng/ml.
107
What nutrient(s) will vitamin E be?
Alpha-tocopherol, other tocopherols.
108
What are the 2 functions of alpha-tocopherol and other tocopherols aka vitamin E?
intracellular antioxidant, scavenger of free radicals in biologic MEMBRANES.
109
What will a Vitmain E deficieny lead to?
RBC hemolysis/fragility, neurologic deficits.
110
What will a vitamin E toxicity lead to?
Tendency to bleed.
111
What is the most active form of Vitamin E?
a-tocopherol.
112
How many known forms of Vitamin E are there?
There are 8.
113
What nutrient(s) will Vitamin K be?
Phyloquinone, menaquinones.
114
Where will phyloquinones and menaquinoes come from?
Phyloquinone-plant. Menaquinones-animals.
115
What are the functions of the -quinones aka vitamin K?
formation of prothrombin and other coagulation factors and bone proteins.
116
What will a vitamin K deficiency lead to?
Bleeding due to deficiency of prothrombin and other factors, osteopenia.
117
What are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?
II, VII, IX, X and protein C and S.
118
What is a vitamin K antagonist?
Warfarin.
119
Where can vitamin K be synthesized?
In intestine by flora.
120
What can lead to a vitamin K deficiency?
Prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics.
121
Vitamin B1 is aka?
Thiamin.
122
What is the function of Thiamin aka vitamin B1?
Carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucosem and alcohol metabolism. Central and peripheral nerve cell function, myocardial function.
123
A vitamin B1 or thiamin deficiency causes what?
Beriberi, Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome.
124
What are the 2 types of Beriberi?
wet and dry.
125
What is wet and dry beriberi?
Dry- polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting. Wet- high output cardiac failure, edema.
126
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is seen when?
seen in alcoholism and malnutrition.
127
Vitamin B2 is aka?
Riboflavin/ R-5-P (riboflavin-5-phosphate).
128
What are the 2 functions of vitamin B2 aka Riboflavin?
1. Carbohydrate and protein metabolism. 2. Integrity of mucous membranes.
129
What will a vitamin B2 aka Riboflacvin deficiency lead to?
Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, corneal vascularization.
130
Vitamin B3 is aka?
Niacin.
131
What are the different types of Niacin or vitamin B3?
Nicotininc acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide.
132
What are the 2 functions of Niacin?
1. Oxidation-reduction reactions [NADP+]. 2. carbohydrate cell metabolism [NAD+, (B3=3atp]
133
Vitamin B3 and B2 equal how many ATP?
b2=2. B3=3.
134
What will Vitamin B3 aka the niacins cause when deficient?
the 4 D's. Dermatitis, diarrhea, Dementia, and Death.
135
The 4 D's or a vitamin B3 deficiency is known as what?
Pellagra.
136
What will vitamin B3 aka niacin cause with toxic amounts?
Flushing (feels like a heart attack).
137
Niacin is made by the body from what?
Tryptophan.
138
Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan requires what?
B6.
139
niacin can be a treatment for what?
High Cholesterol.
140
Vitamin B5 is aka?
Pantothenate, dexpathenol.
141
What is the function of pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5?
Constituent of CoA (a cofactor for acyl transfers) and component of fatty acid synthase.
142
What will a pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5 deficiency lead to?
Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency.
143
Vitamin B6 is aka what?
Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, converted to pyridoxal PO4. Ladies vitamin.
144
Why is vitamin B6 aka the ladies vitamin?
It is important in the menstral cycle.
145
What are the 3 functions of vitamin B6?
1. Many aspects of nitrogen metabolism, porphyrin and heme synthesis, tryptophan conversion to niacin, glycogen phosphorylase. 2. Nucleic acid biosynthesis?decarboxylation reactions. 3. Fatty acid, lipid an
146
What will vitamin B6 deficiency lead to?
Seizures, anemia, neuropathiesm seborrheic dermatitis.
147
A vitamin B6 deficiency can be induced by what?
INH and oral contraceptives.
148
Vitamin B6 toxicity leads to what?
Peripheral neuropathy.
149
Vitamin B12 is aka?
Cobalamins (cyano-, hydroxy-, methyl-).
150
What are the functions of the cobalamins aka Vitamin B12?
Maturation of RBC's, neural function, DNA synthesis, myelin synthesis and repair
151
What will a cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficieny cause?
Megaloblastic anemia, neurologic deficits, glossitis.
152
Vitamin B12 is only found where?
In animals.
153
Vitamin B12 is only synthesized by what?
Microorganisms.
154
Vitamin B12 is stored where?
Liver.
155
How much Cobalamins aka vitamin B12 can be stored in the liver?
Large reserves for several years.
156
What will cause a Cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficiency?
Malabsorption, lack of intrinsic factor, or absence of terminal ileum.
157
What test is used to detect the etiology of a vitamin B12 deficiency?
Shilling test.
158
Vitamin B12 aka cobalamine is the cofactor for what?
Homocysteine methyltransferase (transfers CH3 groups as methylcoablamin), and mehtylmalonyl-CoA mutase.
159
With a vitamin B12 deficency due to decreased methionine or increased methylmalonic acid what happens?
Abnormal myelin. This leads to the neurologic deficits.
160
Vitamin B9 is aka what?
Folate, folic acid, THF.
161
What are the 3 functions of folate/folic acid?
1. Maturation of RBC. 2. Synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and methionine. 3. Development of fetal nervous system.
162
What will a folate or folic acid deficiency cause?
Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube birth defects, mental confusion.
163
Of all the vitamins which one has the most common deficiency in the USA?
Folate, folic acid, THF.
164
How long will folate, folic acid, THF be stored for?
Not long so eat green leaves.
165
Vitamin C is aka?
Ascorbic acid.
166
What are 4 functions of vitamin C aka ascorbic acid?
1. Collagen formation. 2. Bone and blood vessel health. 3. Carnitine, hormone, and amino acid formation. 4. Wound healing.
167
A vitamin C deficiency leads to what?
Scurvy, poor wound healing.
168
Vitamin C facilitates absorption of what?
Iron by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state.
169
Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor for what?
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase.
170
What will dopamine beta-hydroxylase do?
Converts dopamine to Norepinephron. So vitamin C is important in adrenal function.
171
Vitamin B7 is aka?
Biotin.
172
What is the function of biotin?
It is a cofactor for 3 reactions.
173
What are the 3 reactions that biotin is needed for as a cofactor?
1. pyruvate---> ocaloacetate. 2. Acety-CoA---> malonyl-CoA. 3. Propionyl-CoA----> methylmalonyl-CoA.
174
What will a Biotin deficiency lead to?
Dermatitis, enteritis.
175
What causes a Biotin deficiency?
Antibiotic use and excessive ingestion of raw eggs.
176
What will raw eggs do to biotin?
The AVIDIN in egg whites avidly binds biotin.
177
What is the function of zinc?
Immune, metaloprotienase, BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) prevention
178
What will a zinc deficiency cause?
Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, may predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis.
179
What is the doctor dogma of zinc deficiency?
Hangnails.
180
What can we eat to get iron in our diet?
Raisens.
181
How much Ca/P do we need a day?
2,000 mg/day.
182
What is Kwashiorkor?
Protein malnutrition resulting in skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction (fatty changes).
183
What will Kwashiorkors be caused by?
MEAL. Malnutrition, Edema, Anemia, Liver (fatty).
184
What would someone with Kwashiorkors look like?
A child with a swollen belly.
185
What is Marasmus?
Energy malnutrition resulting in tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and variable edema.
186
What amino acid deficiency will affect Heme?
Glycine.
187
What amino acid deficiency will affect creatine, urea, and nitric acid?
Arginine.
188
Which Vitamins are Fat soluable?
A,D,E,K.
189
Fat soluable absorption is dependent on what?
Gut and pancreas.
190
Why are fat soluable vitamins more toxic than Water soluable?
Because they accumulate in Fat.
191
What can cause fat soluable deficencies?
Malabsorption syndromes like cystic fibrosis and sprue, or mineral oil intake.
192
Which of the Water soluable vitamins can't be washed out easy and where will it be stored?
B12, folate stored in the liver.
193
Vitamin A is what Nutrient?
Retinol.
194
What are the 4 functins of retinol aka Vitamin A?
1. Rhodoposin formation. 2. Integrity of epithelia. 3. Lysosome stability. 4. Glycoprotein synthesis.
195
What will Rhodopsin do?
It is a photoreceptor pigment in the retina known as retinal.
196
What will Vitamin A deficiencies cause?
Night blindness, dry skin, perifollicular hyperkeratosis, xeropthalmia, keratomalacia, increased morbidity and mortality in young children.
197
What will Vitamin A toxicity cause?
Headache, fatigue, skin changes, hepatospleomegaly, bone thickening/arthralgias, intracranial hypertension, and papilledema.
198
What nutrient(s) will vitamin D be?
Cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol.
199
What are the 4 functions of cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka Vitamin D?
Ca and P absorption, mineralization and repair of bone, tubular reabsorption of Ca, insulin and thyroid function.
200
Vitamin D helps with insulin and thyroid function which leads to what?
Immune function, reduces autoimmune disease.
201
A cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka vitamin D deficiency leads to what?
Rickets, osteomalacia, and hypocalcemic tetany.
202
What will Vitamin D toxicity lead to?
Hypercalcemiam anorexia, renal failure, metastatic calcifications.
203
D2 and D3 what type of Vitamin D are they?
D2-ergocalciferol. D3-cholecalciferol.
204
What type of Vitamin D comes from milk and what kind comes from the sun?
milk-D2. Sun-D3.
205
What is 25-OH D3?
Storage form of Vitamin D.
206
What is 1,25 (OH)2 D3?
Active form of Vitamin D.
207
Excess Vitamin D is seen in what?
Sarcoidosis.
208
What is sarcoidosis?
disease where the pithelioid macrophages convert vitamin D inot its active form.
209
What degree latitude do you need to live below to get enough vitamin D from the sun?
the 37th.
210
What levels of Vitamin D will make you deficient, insufficient, sufficient, and toxic?
Deficient- 20 ng/ml. Insufficient- 20-29 ng/ml. Sufficient- 30 ng/ML (Dr. R says 50). Toxic- more than 150 ng/ml.
211
What nutrient(s) will vitamin E be?
Alpha-tocopherol, other tocopherols.
212
What are the 2 functions of alpha-tocopherol and other tocopherols aka vitamin E?
intracellular antioxidant, scavenger of free radicals in biologic MEMBRANES.
213
What will a Vitmain E deficieny lead to?
RBC hemolysis/fragility, neurologic deficits.
214
What will a vitamin E toxicity lead to?
Tendency to bleed.
215
What is the most active form of Vitamin E?
a-tocopherol.
216
How many known forms of Vitamin E are there?
There are 8.
217
What nutrient(s) will Vitamin K be?
Phyloquinone, menaquinones.
218
Where will phyloquinones and menaquinoes come from?
Phyloquinone-plant. Menaquinones-animals.
219
What are the functions of the -quinones aka vitamin K?
formation of prothrombin and other coagulation factors and bone proteins.
220
What will a vitamin K deficiency lead to?
Bleeding due to deficiency of prothrombin and other factors, osteopenia.
221
What are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?
II, VII, IX, X and protein C and S.
222
What is a vitamin K antagonist?
Warfarin.
223
Where can vitamin K be synthesized?
In intestine by flora.
224
What can lead to a vitamin K deficiency?
Prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics.
225
Vitamin B1 is aka?
Thiamin.
226
What is the function of Thiamin aka vitamin B1?
Carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucosem and alcohol metabolism. Central and peripheral nerve cell function, myocardial function.
227
A vitamin B1 or thiamin deficiency causes what?
Beriberi, Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome.
228
What are the 2 types of Beriberi?
wet and dry.
229
What is wet and dry beriberi?
Dry- polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting. Wet- high output cardiac failure, edema.
230
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is seen when?
seen in alcoholism and malnutrition.
231
Vitamin B2 is aka?
Riboflavin/ R-5-P (riboflavin-5-phosphate).
232
What are the 2 functions of vitamin B2 aka Riboflavin?
1. Carbohydrate and protein metabolism. 2. Integrity of mucous membranes.
233
What will a vitamin B2 aka Riboflacvin deficiency lead to?
Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, corneal vascularization.
234
Vitamin B3 is aka?
Niacin.
235
What are the different types of Niacin or vitamin B3?
Nicotininc acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide.
236
What are the 2 functions of Niacin?
1. Oxidation-reduction reactions [NADP+]. 2. carbohydrate cell metabolism [NAD+, (B3=3atp]
237
Vitamin B3 and B2 equal how many ATP?
b2=2. B3=3.
238
What will Vitamin B3 aka the niacins cause when deficient?
the 4 D's. Dermatitis, diarrhea, Dementia, and Death.
239
The 4 D's or a vitamin B3 deficiency is known as what?
Pellagra.
240
What will vitamin B3 aka niacin cause with toxic amounts?
Flushing (feels like a heart attack).
241
Niacin is made by the body from what?
Tryptophan.
242
Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan requires what?
B6.
243
niacin can be a treatment for what?
High Cholesterol.
244
Vitamin B5 is aka?
Pantothenate, dexpathenol.
245
What is the function of pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5?
Constituent of CoA (a cofactor for acyl transfers) and component of fatty acid synthase.
246
What will a pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5 deficiency lead to?
Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency.
247
Vitamin B6 is aka what?
Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, converted to pyridoxal PO4. Ladies vitamin.
248
Why is vitamin B6 aka the ladies vitamin?
It is important in the menstral cycle.
249
What are the 3 functions of vitamin B6?
1. Many aspects of nitrogen metabolism, porphyrin and heme synthesis, tryptophan conversion to niacin, glycogen phosphorylase. 2. Nucleic acid biosynthesis?decarboxylation reactions. 3. Fatty acid, lipid an
250
What will vitamin B6 deficiency lead to?
Seizures, anemia, neuropathiesm seborrheic dermatitis.
251
A vitamin B6 deficiency can be induced by what?
INH and oral contraceptives.
252
Vitamin B6 toxicity leads to what?
Peripheral neuropathy.
253
Vitamin B12 is aka?
Cobalamins (cyano-, hydroxy-, methyl-).
254
What are the functions of the cobalamins aka Vitamin B12?
Maturation of RBC's, neural function, DNA synthesis, myelin synthesis and repair
255
What will a cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficieny cause?
Megaloblastic anemia, neurologic deficits, glossitis.
256
Vitamin B12 is only found where?
In animals.
257
Vitamin B12 is only synthesized by what?
Microorganisms.
258
Vitamin B12 is stored where?
Liver.
259
How much Cobalamins aka vitamin B12 can be stored in the liver?
Large reserves for several years.
260
What will cause a Cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficiency?
Malabsorption, lack of intrinsic factor, or absence of terminal ileum.
261
What test is used to detect the etiology of a vitamin B12 deficiency?
Shilling test.
262
Vitamin B12 aka cobalamine is the cofactor for what?
Homocysteine methyltransferase (transfers CH3 groups as methylcoablamin), and mehtylmalonyl-CoA mutase.
263
With a vitamin B12 deficency due to decreased methionine or increased methylmalonic acid what happens?
Abnormal myelin. This leads to the neurologic deficits.
264
Vitamin B9 is aka what?
Folate, folic acid, THF.
265
What are the 3 functions of folate/folic acid?
1. Maturation of RBC. 2. Synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and methionine. 3. Development of fetal nervous system.
266
What will a folate or folic acid deficiency cause?
Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube birth defects, mental confusion.
267
Of all the vitamins which one has the most common deficiency in the USA?
Folate, folic acid, THF.
268
How long will folate, folic acid, THF be stored for?
Not long so eat green leaves.
269
Vitamin C is aka?
Ascorbic acid.
270
What are 4 functions of vitamin C aka ascorbic acid?
1. Collagen formation. 2. Bone and blood vessel health. 3. Carnitine, hormone, and amino acid formation. 4. Wound healing.
271
A vitamin C deficiency leads to what?
Scurvy, poor wound healing.
272
Vitamin C facilitates absorption of what?
Iron by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state.
273
Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor for what?
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase.
274
What will dopamine beta-hydroxylase do?
Converts dopamine to Norepinephron. So vitamin C is important in adrenal function.
275
Vitamin B7 is aka?
Biotin.
276
What is the function of biotin?
It is a cofactor for 3 reactions.
277
What are the 3 reactions that biotin is needed for as a cofactor?
1. pyruvate---> ocaloacetate. 2. Acety-CoA---> malonyl-CoA. 3. Propionyl-CoA----> methylmalonyl-CoA.
278
What will a Biotin deficiency lead to?
Dermatitis, enteritis.
279
What causes a Biotin deficiency?
Antibiotic use and excessive ingestion of raw eggs.
280
What will raw eggs do to biotin?
The AVIDIN in egg whites avidly binds biotin.
281
What is the function of zinc?
Immune, metaloprotienase, BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) prevention
282
What will a zinc deficiency cause?
Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, may predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis.
283
What is the doctor dogma of zinc deficiency?
Hangnails.
284
What can we eat to get iron in our diet?
Raisens.
285
How much Ca/P do we need a day?
2,000 mg/day.
286
What is Kwashiorkor?
Protein malnutrition resulting in skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction (fatty changes).
287
What will Kwashiorkors be caused by?
MEAL. Malnutrition, Edema, Anemia, Liver (fatty).
288
What would someone with Kwashiorkors look like?
A child with a swollen belly.
289
What is Marasmus?
Energy malnutrition resulting in tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and variable edema.
290
What amino acid deficiency will affect Heme?
Glycine.
291
What amino acid deficiency will affect creatine, urea, and nitric acid?
Arginine.
292
what is the cancer type for Cushing's syndrome?
small-cell carcinoma of the lung
293
What is the cause of cushing's syndrome?
ACTH
294
what is the cancer type causing SIADH?
Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms
295
What is the cause of SIADH?
ADH
296
What are the cancer type causing hypercalcemia?
1) squamous cell carcinoma of the lung2) Breast carcinoma3) Renal cell carcinoma
297
What is the cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung induced hypercalcemia?
PTH-like polypeptide
298
What is the cause of breast carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma induced hypercalcemia?
TGF-alpha
299
What is the cancer type causing venous thrombosis?
Pancreatic carcinoma
300
What is the cause of venous thrombosis?
Thromboplastin
301
What is the cancer type causing polycythemia?
Renal cell carcinoma and hemangioblastoma
302
What is the cause of polycythemia?
Erythropoietin
303
What is the cancer type causing Myasthenia gravis?
Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma
304
What is the cause of Myasthenia gravis?
antibody to acetylcholine receptor at NMJ
305
What is the cancer type causing Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscular weakness)?
Small-cell carcinoma of the lung
306
What is the cause of Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscular weakness)?
Antibody to pre-synaptic calcium channels in nerve axons
307
What is the cancer type causing Gout, urate nephropathy?
leukemias and lymphomas
308
What is the cause of Gout, urate nephropathy?
Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (or cytotoxic therapy)
309
A white infarct is typical of what?
`Arterial occlusion in solid organs with single blood supply. (ie: heart, kidney, spleen)
310
Red infarct is typical of what?
Venous obstruction like intestines and testes twisting.
311
The fate of infarcts depends on what?
Their anatomical site, type of cells forming the tissue, circulatory status , extent of necrosis.
312
What areas do white infarcts occur on organs?
Rimmed areas
313
What is a volvulus?
Twisting
314
What type of infarct is seen with volvulus?
Red infarct
315
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody antinuclear antibodies (ANA)?
SLE
316
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody Anti-dsDNA, anti-smith?
Specific for SLE
317
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody antihistone?
Drug-induced lupus
318
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody Anti-IgG (rhematoid factor)
Rheumatoid arthritis
319
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anticentromere?
Scleroderm (CReST)
320
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody Anti-Scl-70
Scleroderma (diffuse)
321
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody antimitochondrial?
Primary biliary cirrhosis
322
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody antigliadin?
Celiac disease
323
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-basement membrane?
Goodpasture's syndrome
324
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-epithelial cell
Pemphigus vulgaris
325
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody antimicrosomal, antithyroglobulin?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
326
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-Jo-1
Polymyositis, dermatomysositis
327
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-SS-A (anti-Ro)
Sjogren's syndrome
328
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-SS-B (anti-La)
Sjogren's syndrome
329
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody Anti-U1 RNP (ribonucleoprotein)
Mixed CT disease
330
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody Anti-smooth muscle?
Autoimmune hepatitis
331
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-glutamate decarboxylase?
type 1 diabetes mellitus
332
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody c-ANCA?
Wegener's granulomatosis
333
What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody p-ANCA
Other vasculitides
