Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology I Final > Path Final Additional cards 2 > Flashcards

Path Final Additional cards 2 Flashcards

1
Q

IgM is the natural antibody against what?

A

ABO blood group ag.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which Ig has the smallest molecular weight?

A

IgG.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When will IgG be produced?

A

Small amounts produced on initial immunization and boosted on re-exposure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

IgG’s act as an opsonin which is what?

A

bacteria coating and phagocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

IgA will be mainly found where?

A

In mucosal secretions; milk, tears, respiratory, GI tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

Protective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What Ig is secreted by sensitized plasma cells in tissues?

A

IgE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

IgE are attached locally to what?

A

Mast cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of IgE’s?

A

mediates allergic reactions in tissues, and to protect against parasites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are IgD’s found at?

A

Cell membrane-bound found exclusively on B cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the IgD?

A

participates in antigenic activation of B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of the Ig’s will not be released in the serum?

A

IgD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Major Histocompatiblity complex essential for?

A

presentation of antigens to T cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The major histocompatibility complex is AKA?

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an immunologic finger print unique to me?

A

my major histocopmatibility complex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 groups of the major histocompatibilty complex?

A

Type I and Type II.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The type I major histocompatibility complex has receptors for what?

A

CD8+ or the T suppressor or cytotoxic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The type II major histocompatibility complex reacts with what?

A

CD4+ or the T-helper cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the antigen-presenting cells of the major histocompatibility complex?

A

Macrophages, and B cells if antigen is internalized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

A

To present antigens to T cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T cells can only react to membrane-bound antigens and this means what?

A

Without Antigen presenting cells T cell will have no reaction to antigens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MHC type I is a receptor for the CD8+ cells and are found where?

A

On all nucleated cells of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

MCH type I links what to what?

A

CD8+ or the T suppressor or cytotoxic cells to antigen presenting cells (APC).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MCH type II react with the CD4+ or T helper cells and this will lead to what?

A

antigen presenting cells to Helper T lymphocytes. This serves as a presentation of exogenous antigens that are first internalized and processed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

MHC is AKA?

A

HLA or human leukocyte antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Type I hypersensitive reaction is due to what?

A

Anaphylactic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Type II hypersensitive reaction is due to what?

A

Cytotoxic antibody mediated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Type III hypersensitive reaction is due to what?

A

Immune complex mediated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Type IV hypersensitive reaction is due to what?

A

Cell mediated, delayed type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by what?

A

IgE, mast or basophils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Type I hypersensitivity takes how long to respond?

A

4-6 hours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Is hay fever always seasonal?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the treatments for Type I hypersensitivity?

A

anti-histamines, Vitamin C, Desensitization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Asthma is what type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type I.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Type I hypersensitivty associated with asthma affects what?

A

Bronchi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Will asthma always be a hypersensitivty disease?

A

No there are many types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hypersensitive asthma is due to an inhaled antigen mediated by what?

A

SRS-As a slow release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What supplement can relax the airways?

A

Magnesium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a side effect of magnesium?

A

It relaxes the smooth muscle and can lead to a warm feeling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Atopic dermatitis is a type I hypersensivity and it is typically a _____ disease.

A

Childhood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Atopic dermatitis is aka?

A

Eczema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what % of children get atopic dermatitis?

A

10%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

OF the 10% of children that get atopic dermatitis how many of them have family history of atopic dermatitis?

A

50%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How will allergen that causes atopic dermatitis enter the body?

A

inhaled, ingested in food, or skin contact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Atopic deramtitis is sometimes treated with corticosteroids and this can cause what?

A

Asthma/hay fever later in life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a severe sytemic response to an allergen called?

A

Anaphylactic shock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Anaphylactic shock is what type of hypersensitve reaction?

A

Type I.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What happens with anaphylactic shock?

A

A massive release of histamine/other vasoactive substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the signs of anaphylactic shock?

A

chocking, wheezing, shortness of breath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the treatment of anaphylactic shock?

A

epinephrine STAT, high flow O2 non-rebreather.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is associated with autoimmune diseases?

A

Type II.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What causes Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Cytotoxic antibody that reacts to antigen in cells or tissue components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

With type II hypersensitivity the antigen can be where?

A

Extrinsic or intrinsic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Type II hypersensitivity is mediated by what Ig’s?

A

IgG or IgM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Type II hypersensitivity activates the complement system which will do what?

A

Lysis of cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Give an example of a type II hypersensitive reaction?

A

Blood transfusion mismatch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What type of hypersensitive reaction is hemolytic anemia?

A

Type II.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

A systemic autoimmune disorder can be caused by foreign chemicals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Goodpasture’s syndrome involves what pathologies?

A

renal and pulmonary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What causes goodpastures syndrome?

A

autoimmune to component of Type IV collagen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is goodpasture’s syndrome?

A

Type II.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of goodpastures syndrome?

A

Hemoptysis (coughing of blood), and hematuria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What blood type can type A blood give to?

A

A, AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What blood type can type B blood give to?

A

B, AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What blood type can type AB blood give to?

A

AB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What blood type can type O blood give to?

A

O, AB, A, B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What blood type can type A receive from?

A

A, O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What blood type can type B receive from?

A

B, O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What blood type can type AB receive from?

A

AB, A, B, O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What blood type can type O receive from?

A

O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the most common minor blood group antigen?

A

Rh.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is the major blood group antigens?

A

A and B.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Blood type A can give blood to who?

A

A and AB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Blood type A can get blood from who?

A

A,O.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Blood type B can give blood to who?

A

B, AB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Blood type B can get blood from who?

A

B, O.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Blood type AB can give blood to who?

A

Type AB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Blood type AB can get blood from who?

A

Universal (so A,B,AB, O).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Bood type O can give blood to who?

A

Universal (so A,B,AB, O).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Bood type O can get blood from who?

A

O.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Rh factor is important in what?

A

Mother being - and baby being +, but only after mother is sensitized so can affect second birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

The Rh factor causing problems with pregnancy is prevented by what?

A

Rhogam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Fetal hydrops is caused by Rh factor incompatibility and leads to what?

A

Pleural effusion, ascites, scalp edema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Which Vitamins are Fat soluable?

A

A,D,E,K.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Fat soluable absorption is dependent on what?

A

Gut and pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Why are fat soluable vitamins more toxic than Water soluable?

A

Because they accumulate in Fat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What can cause fat soluable deficencies?

A

Malabsorption syndromes like cystic fibrosis and sprue, or mineral oil intake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Which of the Water soluable vitamins can’t be washed out easy and where will it be stored?

A

B12, folate stored in the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Vitamin A is what Nutrient?

A

Retinol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What are the 4 functins of retinol aka Vitamin A?

A
  1. Rhodoposin formation. 2. Integrity of epithelia. 3. Lysosome stability. 4. Glycoprotein synthesis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What will Rhodopsin do?

A

It is a photoreceptor pigment in the retina known as retinal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What will Vitamin A deficiencies cause?

A

Night blindness, dry skin, perifollicular hyperkeratosis, xeropthalmia, keratomalacia, increased morbidity and mortality in young children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What will Vitamin A toxicity cause?

A

Headache, fatigue, skin changes, hepatospleomegaly, bone thickening/arthralgias, intracranial hypertension, and papilledema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What nutrient(s) will vitamin D be?

A

Cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What are the 4 functions of cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka Vitamin D?

A

Ca and P absorption, mineralization and repair of bone, tubular reabsorption of Ca, insulin and thyroid function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Vitamin D helps with insulin and thyroid function which leads to what?

A

Immune function, reduces autoimmune disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

A cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka vitamin D deficiency leads to what?

A

Rickets, osteomalacia, and hypocalcemic tetany.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What will Vitamin D toxicity lead to?

A

Hypercalcemiam anorexia, renal failure, metastatic calcifications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

D2 and D3 what type of Vitamin D are they?

A

D2-ergocalciferol. D3-cholecalciferol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What type of Vitamin D comes from milk and what kind comes from the sun?

A

milk-D2. Sun-D3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What is 25-OH D3?

A

Storage form of Vitamin D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What is 1,25 (OH)2 D3?

A

Active form of Vitamin D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Excess Vitamin D is seen in what?

A

Sarcoidosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

disease where the pithelioid macrophages convert vitamin D inot its active form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

What degree latitude do you need to live below to get enough vitamin D from the sun?

A

the 37th.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

What levels of Vitamin D will make you deficient, insufficient, sufficient, and toxic?

A

Deficient- 20 ng/ml. Insufficient- 20-29 ng/ml. Sufficient- 30 ng/ML (Dr. R says 50). Toxic- more than 150 ng/ml.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What nutrient(s) will vitamin E be?

A

Alpha-tocopherol, other tocopherols.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

What are the 2 functions of alpha-tocopherol and other tocopherols aka vitamin E?

A

intracellular antioxidant, scavenger of free radicals in biologic MEMBRANES.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

What will a Vitmain E deficieny lead to?

A

RBC hemolysis/fragility, neurologic deficits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What will a vitamin E toxicity lead to?

A

Tendency to bleed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

What is the most active form of Vitamin E?

A

a-tocopherol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

How many known forms of Vitamin E are there?

A

There are 8.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

What nutrient(s) will Vitamin K be?

A

Phyloquinone, menaquinones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Where will phyloquinones and menaquinoes come from?

A

Phyloquinone-plant. Menaquinones-animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

What are the functions of the -quinones aka vitamin K?

A

formation of prothrombin and other coagulation factors and bone proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

What will a vitamin K deficiency lead to?

A

Bleeding due to deficiency of prothrombin and other factors, osteopenia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

What are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?

A

II, VII, IX, X and protein C and S.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

What is a vitamin K antagonist?

A

Warfarin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Where can vitamin K be synthesized?

A

In intestine by flora.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

What can lead to a vitamin K deficiency?

A

Prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Vitamin B1 is aka?

A

Thiamin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

What is the function of Thiamin aka vitamin B1?

A

Carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucosem and alcohol metabolism. Central and peripheral nerve cell function, myocardial function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

A vitamin B1 or thiamin deficiency causes what?

A

Beriberi, Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

What are the 2 types of Beriberi?

A

wet and dry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

What is wet and dry beriberi?

A

Dry- polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting. Wet- high output cardiac failure, edema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is seen when?

A

seen in alcoholism and malnutrition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Vitamin B2 is aka?

A

Riboflavin/ R-5-P (riboflavin-5-phosphate).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

What are the 2 functions of vitamin B2 aka Riboflavin?

A
  1. Carbohydrate and protein metabolism. 2. Integrity of mucous membranes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

What will a vitamin B2 aka Riboflacvin deficiency lead to?

A

Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, corneal vascularization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Vitamin B3 is aka?

A

Niacin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

What are the different types of Niacin or vitamin B3?

A

Nicotininc acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

What are the 2 functions of Niacin?

A
  1. Oxidation-reduction reactions [NADP+]. 2. carbohydrate cell metabolism [NAD+, (B3=3atp]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Vitamin B3 and B2 equal how many ATP?

A

b2=2. B3=3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

What will Vitamin B3 aka the niacins cause when deficient?

A

the 4 D’s. Dermatitis, diarrhea, Dementia, and Death.

135
Q

The 4 D’s or a vitamin B3 deficiency is known as what?

A

Pellagra.

136
Q

What will vitamin B3 aka niacin cause with toxic amounts?

A

Flushing (feels like a heart attack).

137
Q

Niacin is made by the body from what?

A

Tryptophan.

138
Q

Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan requires what?

A

B6.

139
Q

niacin can be a treatment for what?

A

High Cholesterol.

140
Q

Vitamin B5 is aka?

A

Pantothenate, dexpathenol.

141
Q

What is the function of pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5?

A

Constituent of CoA (a cofactor for acyl transfers) and component of fatty acid synthase.

142
Q

What will a pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5 deficiency lead to?

A

Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency.

143
Q

Vitamin B6 is aka what?

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, converted to pyridoxal PO4. Ladies vitamin.

144
Q

Why is vitamin B6 aka the ladies vitamin?

A

It is important in the menstral cycle.

145
Q

What are the 3 functions of vitamin B6?

A
  1. Many aspects of nitrogen metabolism, porphyrin and heme synthesis, tryptophan conversion to niacin, glycogen phosphorylase. 2. Nucleic acid biosynthesis?decarboxylation reactions. 3. Fatty acid, lipid an
146
Q

What will vitamin B6 deficiency lead to?

A

Seizures, anemia, neuropathiesm seborrheic dermatitis.

147
Q

A vitamin B6 deficiency can be induced by what?

A

INH and oral contraceptives.

148
Q

Vitamin B6 toxicity leads to what?

A

Peripheral neuropathy.

149
Q

Vitamin B12 is aka?

A

Cobalamins (cyano-, hydroxy-, methyl-).

150
Q

What are the functions of the cobalamins aka Vitamin B12?

A

Maturation of RBC’s, neural function, DNA synthesis, myelin synthesis and repair

151
Q

What will a cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficieny cause?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, neurologic deficits, glossitis.

152
Q

Vitamin B12 is only found where?

A

In animals.

153
Q

Vitamin B12 is only synthesized by what?

A

Microorganisms.

154
Q

Vitamin B12 is stored where?

A

Liver.

155
Q

How much Cobalamins aka vitamin B12 can be stored in the liver?

A

Large reserves for several years.

156
Q

What will cause a Cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Malabsorption, lack of intrinsic factor, or absence of terminal ileum.

157
Q

What test is used to detect the etiology of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Shilling test.

158
Q

Vitamin B12 aka cobalamine is the cofactor for what?

A

Homocysteine methyltransferase (transfers CH3 groups as methylcoablamin), and mehtylmalonyl-CoA mutase.

159
Q

With a vitamin B12 deficency due to decreased methionine or increased methylmalonic acid what happens?

A

Abnormal myelin. This leads to the neurologic deficits.

160
Q

Vitamin B9 is aka what?

A

Folate, folic acid, THF.

161
Q

What are the 3 functions of folate/folic acid?

A
  1. Maturation of RBC. 2. Synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and methionine. 3. Development of fetal nervous system.
162
Q

What will a folate or folic acid deficiency cause?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube birth defects, mental confusion.

163
Q

Of all the vitamins which one has the most common deficiency in the USA?

A

Folate, folic acid, THF.

164
Q

How long will folate, folic acid, THF be stored for?

A

Not long so eat green leaves.

165
Q

Vitamin C is aka?

A

Ascorbic acid.

166
Q

What are 4 functions of vitamin C aka ascorbic acid?

A
  1. Collagen formation. 2. Bone and blood vessel health. 3. Carnitine, hormone, and amino acid formation. 4. Wound healing.
167
Q

A vitamin C deficiency leads to what?

A

Scurvy, poor wound healing.

168
Q

Vitamin C facilitates absorption of what?

A

Iron by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state.

169
Q

Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor for what?

A

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

170
Q

What will dopamine beta-hydroxylase do?

A

Converts dopamine to Norepinephron. So vitamin C is important in adrenal function.

171
Q

Vitamin B7 is aka?

A

Biotin.

172
Q

What is the function of biotin?

A

It is a cofactor for 3 reactions.

173
Q

What are the 3 reactions that biotin is needed for as a cofactor?

A
  1. pyruvate—> ocaloacetate. 2. Acety-CoA—> malonyl-CoA. 3. Propionyl-CoA—-> methylmalonyl-CoA.
174
Q

What will a Biotin deficiency lead to?

A

Dermatitis, enteritis.

175
Q

What causes a Biotin deficiency?

A

Antibiotic use and excessive ingestion of raw eggs.

176
Q

What will raw eggs do to biotin?

A

The AVIDIN in egg whites avidly binds biotin.

177
Q

What is the function of zinc?

A

Immune, metaloprotienase, BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) prevention

178
Q

What will a zinc deficiency cause?

A

Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, may predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis.

179
Q

What is the doctor dogma of zinc deficiency?

A

Hangnails.

180
Q

What can we eat to get iron in our diet?

A

Raisens.

181
Q

How much Ca/P do we need a day?

A

2,000 mg/day.

182
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Protein malnutrition resulting in skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction (fatty changes).

183
Q

What will Kwashiorkors be caused by?

A

MEAL. Malnutrition, Edema, Anemia, Liver (fatty).

184
Q

What would someone with Kwashiorkors look like?

A

A child with a swollen belly.

185
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Energy malnutrition resulting in tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and variable edema.

186
Q

What amino acid deficiency will affect Heme?

A

Glycine.

187
Q

What amino acid deficiency will affect creatine, urea, and nitric acid?

A

Arginine.

188
Q

Which Vitamins are Fat soluable?

A

A,D,E,K.

189
Q

Fat soluable absorption is dependent on what?

A

Gut and pancreas.

190
Q

Why are fat soluable vitamins more toxic than Water soluable?

A

Because they accumulate in Fat.

191
Q

What can cause fat soluable deficencies?

A

Malabsorption syndromes like cystic fibrosis and sprue, or mineral oil intake.

192
Q

Which of the Water soluable vitamins can’t be washed out easy and where will it be stored?

A

B12, folate stored in the liver.

193
Q

Vitamin A is what Nutrient?

A

Retinol.

194
Q

What are the 4 functins of retinol aka Vitamin A?

A
  1. Rhodoposin formation. 2. Integrity of epithelia. 3. Lysosome stability. 4. Glycoprotein synthesis.
195
Q

What will Rhodopsin do?

A

It is a photoreceptor pigment in the retina known as retinal.

196
Q

What will Vitamin A deficiencies cause?

A

Night blindness, dry skin, perifollicular hyperkeratosis, xeropthalmia, keratomalacia, increased morbidity and mortality in young children.

197
Q

What will Vitamin A toxicity cause?

A

Headache, fatigue, skin changes, hepatospleomegaly, bone thickening/arthralgias, intracranial hypertension, and papilledema.

198
Q

What nutrient(s) will vitamin D be?

A

Cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol.

199
Q

What are the 4 functions of cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka Vitamin D?

A

Ca and P absorption, mineralization and repair of bone, tubular reabsorption of Ca, insulin and thyroid function.

200
Q

Vitamin D helps with insulin and thyroid function which leads to what?

A

Immune function, reduces autoimmune disease.

201
Q

A cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka vitamin D deficiency leads to what?

A

Rickets, osteomalacia, and hypocalcemic tetany.

202
Q

What will Vitamin D toxicity lead to?

A

Hypercalcemiam anorexia, renal failure, metastatic calcifications.

203
Q

D2 and D3 what type of Vitamin D are they?

A

D2-ergocalciferol. D3-cholecalciferol.

204
Q

What type of Vitamin D comes from milk and what kind comes from the sun?

A

milk-D2. Sun-D3.

205
Q

What is 25-OH D3?

A

Storage form of Vitamin D.

206
Q

What is 1,25 (OH)2 D3?

A

Active form of Vitamin D.

207
Q

Excess Vitamin D is seen in what?

A

Sarcoidosis.

208
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

disease where the pithelioid macrophages convert vitamin D inot its active form.

209
Q

What degree latitude do you need to live below to get enough vitamin D from the sun?

A

the 37th.

210
Q

What levels of Vitamin D will make you deficient, insufficient, sufficient, and toxic?

A

Deficient- 20 ng/ml. Insufficient- 20-29 ng/ml. Sufficient- 30 ng/ML (Dr. R says 50). Toxic- more than 150 ng/ml.

211
Q

What nutrient(s) will vitamin E be?

A

Alpha-tocopherol, other tocopherols.

212
Q

What are the 2 functions of alpha-tocopherol and other tocopherols aka vitamin E?

A

intracellular antioxidant, scavenger of free radicals in biologic MEMBRANES.

213
Q

What will a Vitmain E deficieny lead to?

A

RBC hemolysis/fragility, neurologic deficits.

214
Q

What will a vitamin E toxicity lead to?

A

Tendency to bleed.

215
Q

What is the most active form of Vitamin E?

A

a-tocopherol.

216
Q

How many known forms of Vitamin E are there?

A

There are 8.

217
Q

What nutrient(s) will Vitamin K be?

A

Phyloquinone, menaquinones.

218
Q

Where will phyloquinones and menaquinoes come from?

A

Phyloquinone-plant. Menaquinones-animals.

219
Q

What are the functions of the -quinones aka vitamin K?

A

formation of prothrombin and other coagulation factors and bone proteins.

220
Q

What will a vitamin K deficiency lead to?

A

Bleeding due to deficiency of prothrombin and other factors, osteopenia.

221
Q

What are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?

A

II, VII, IX, X and protein C and S.

222
Q

What is a vitamin K antagonist?

A

Warfarin.

223
Q

Where can vitamin K be synthesized?

A

In intestine by flora.

224
Q

What can lead to a vitamin K deficiency?

A

Prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

225
Q

Vitamin B1 is aka?

A

Thiamin.

226
Q

What is the function of Thiamin aka vitamin B1?

A

Carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucosem and alcohol metabolism. Central and peripheral nerve cell function, myocardial function.

227
Q

A vitamin B1 or thiamin deficiency causes what?

A

Beriberi, Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome.

228
Q

What are the 2 types of Beriberi?

A

wet and dry.

229
Q

What is wet and dry beriberi?

A

Dry- polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting. Wet- high output cardiac failure, edema.

230
Q

Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is seen when?

A

seen in alcoholism and malnutrition.

231
Q

Vitamin B2 is aka?

A

Riboflavin/ R-5-P (riboflavin-5-phosphate).

232
Q

What are the 2 functions of vitamin B2 aka Riboflavin?

A
  1. Carbohydrate and protein metabolism. 2. Integrity of mucous membranes.
233
Q

What will a vitamin B2 aka Riboflacvin deficiency lead to?

A

Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, corneal vascularization.

234
Q

Vitamin B3 is aka?

A

Niacin.

235
Q

What are the different types of Niacin or vitamin B3?

A

Nicotininc acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide.

236
Q

What are the 2 functions of Niacin?

A
  1. Oxidation-reduction reactions [NADP+]. 2. carbohydrate cell metabolism [NAD+, (B3=3atp]
237
Q

Vitamin B3 and B2 equal how many ATP?

A

b2=2. B3=3.

238
Q

What will Vitamin B3 aka the niacins cause when deficient?

A

the 4 D’s. Dermatitis, diarrhea, Dementia, and Death.

239
Q

The 4 D’s or a vitamin B3 deficiency is known as what?

A

Pellagra.

240
Q

What will vitamin B3 aka niacin cause with toxic amounts?

A

Flushing (feels like a heart attack).

241
Q

Niacin is made by the body from what?

A

Tryptophan.

242
Q

Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan requires what?

A

B6.

243
Q

niacin can be a treatment for what?

A

High Cholesterol.

244
Q

Vitamin B5 is aka?

A

Pantothenate, dexpathenol.

245
Q

What is the function of pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5?

A

Constituent of CoA (a cofactor for acyl transfers) and component of fatty acid synthase.

246
Q

What will a pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5 deficiency lead to?

A

Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency.

247
Q

Vitamin B6 is aka what?

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, converted to pyridoxal PO4. Ladies vitamin.

248
Q

Why is vitamin B6 aka the ladies vitamin?

A

It is important in the menstral cycle.

249
Q

What are the 3 functions of vitamin B6?

A
  1. Many aspects of nitrogen metabolism, porphyrin and heme synthesis, tryptophan conversion to niacin, glycogen phosphorylase. 2. Nucleic acid biosynthesis?decarboxylation reactions. 3. Fatty acid, lipid an
250
Q

What will vitamin B6 deficiency lead to?

A

Seizures, anemia, neuropathiesm seborrheic dermatitis.

251
Q

A vitamin B6 deficiency can be induced by what?

A

INH and oral contraceptives.

252
Q

Vitamin B6 toxicity leads to what?

A

Peripheral neuropathy.

253
Q

Vitamin B12 is aka?

A

Cobalamins (cyano-, hydroxy-, methyl-).

254
Q

What are the functions of the cobalamins aka Vitamin B12?

A

Maturation of RBC’s, neural function, DNA synthesis, myelin synthesis and repair

255
Q

What will a cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficieny cause?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, neurologic deficits, glossitis.

256
Q

Vitamin B12 is only found where?

A

In animals.

257
Q

Vitamin B12 is only synthesized by what?

A

Microorganisms.

258
Q

Vitamin B12 is stored where?

A

Liver.

259
Q

How much Cobalamins aka vitamin B12 can be stored in the liver?

A

Large reserves for several years.

260
Q

What will cause a Cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Malabsorption, lack of intrinsic factor, or absence of terminal ileum.

261
Q

What test is used to detect the etiology of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Shilling test.

262
Q

Vitamin B12 aka cobalamine is the cofactor for what?

A

Homocysteine methyltransferase (transfers CH3 groups as methylcoablamin), and mehtylmalonyl-CoA mutase.

263
Q

With a vitamin B12 deficency due to decreased methionine or increased methylmalonic acid what happens?

A

Abnormal myelin. This leads to the neurologic deficits.

264
Q

Vitamin B9 is aka what?

A

Folate, folic acid, THF.

265
Q

What are the 3 functions of folate/folic acid?

A
  1. Maturation of RBC. 2. Synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and methionine. 3. Development of fetal nervous system.
266
Q

What will a folate or folic acid deficiency cause?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube birth defects, mental confusion.

267
Q

Of all the vitamins which one has the most common deficiency in the USA?

A

Folate, folic acid, THF.

268
Q

How long will folate, folic acid, THF be stored for?

A

Not long so eat green leaves.

269
Q

Vitamin C is aka?

A

Ascorbic acid.

270
Q

What are 4 functions of vitamin C aka ascorbic acid?

A
  1. Collagen formation. 2. Bone and blood vessel health. 3. Carnitine, hormone, and amino acid formation. 4. Wound healing.
271
Q

A vitamin C deficiency leads to what?

A

Scurvy, poor wound healing.

272
Q

Vitamin C facilitates absorption of what?

A

Iron by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state.

273
Q

Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor for what?

A

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

274
Q

What will dopamine beta-hydroxylase do?

A

Converts dopamine to Norepinephron. So vitamin C is important in adrenal function.

275
Q

Vitamin B7 is aka?

A

Biotin.

276
Q

What is the function of biotin?

A

It is a cofactor for 3 reactions.

277
Q

What are the 3 reactions that biotin is needed for as a cofactor?

A
  1. pyruvate—> ocaloacetate. 2. Acety-CoA—> malonyl-CoA. 3. Propionyl-CoA—-> methylmalonyl-CoA.
278
Q

What will a Biotin deficiency lead to?

A

Dermatitis, enteritis.

279
Q

What causes a Biotin deficiency?

A

Antibiotic use and excessive ingestion of raw eggs.

280
Q

What will raw eggs do to biotin?

A

The AVIDIN in egg whites avidly binds biotin.

281
Q

What is the function of zinc?

A

Immune, metaloprotienase, BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) prevention

282
Q

What will a zinc deficiency cause?

A

Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, may predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis.

283
Q

What is the doctor dogma of zinc deficiency?

A

Hangnails.

284
Q

What can we eat to get iron in our diet?

A

Raisens.

285
Q

How much Ca/P do we need a day?

A

2,000 mg/day.

286
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Protein malnutrition resulting in skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction (fatty changes).

287
Q

What will Kwashiorkors be caused by?

A

MEAL. Malnutrition, Edema, Anemia, Liver (fatty).

288
Q

What would someone with Kwashiorkors look like?

A

A child with a swollen belly.

289
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Energy malnutrition resulting in tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and variable edema.

290
Q

What amino acid deficiency will affect Heme?

A

Glycine.

291
Q

What amino acid deficiency will affect creatine, urea, and nitric acid?

A

Arginine.

292
Q

what is the cancer type for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

small-cell carcinoma of the lung

293
Q

What is the cause of cushing’s syndrome?

A

ACTH

294
Q

what is the cancer type causing SIADH?

A

Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms

295
Q

What is the cause of SIADH?

A

ADH

296
Q

What are the cancer type causing hypercalcemia?

A

1) squamous cell carcinoma of the lung2) Breast carcinoma3) Renal cell carcinoma

297
Q

What is the cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung induced hypercalcemia?

A

PTH-like polypeptide

298
Q

What is the cause of breast carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma induced hypercalcemia?

A

TGF-alpha

299
Q

What is the cancer type causing venous thrombosis?

A

Pancreatic carcinoma

300
Q

What is the cause of venous thrombosis?

A

Thromboplastin

301
Q

What is the cancer type causing polycythemia?

A

Renal cell carcinoma and hemangioblastoma

302
Q

What is the cause of polycythemia?

A

Erythropoietin

303
Q

What is the cancer type causing Myasthenia gravis?

A

Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma

304
Q

What is the cause of Myasthenia gravis?

A

antibody to acetylcholine receptor at NMJ

305
Q

What is the cancer type causing Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscular weakness)?

A

Small-cell carcinoma of the lung

306
Q

What is the cause of Lambert-Eaton syndrome (muscular weakness)?

A

Antibody to pre-synaptic calcium channels in nerve axons

307
Q

What is the cancer type causing Gout, urate nephropathy?

A

leukemias and lymphomas

308
Q

What is the cause of Gout, urate nephropathy?

A

Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (or cytotoxic therapy)

309
Q

A white infarct is typical of what?

A

`Arterial occlusion in solid organs with single blood supply. (ie: heart, kidney, spleen)

310
Q

Red infarct is typical of what?

A

Venous obstruction like intestines and testes twisting.

311
Q

The fate of infarcts depends on what?

A

Their anatomical site, type of cells forming the tissue, circulatory status , extent of necrosis.

312
Q

What areas do white infarcts occur on organs?

A

Rimmed areas

313
Q

What is a volvulus?

A

Twisting

314
Q

What type of infarct is seen with volvulus?

A

Red infarct

315
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody antinuclear antibodies (ANA)?

A

SLE

316
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody Anti-dsDNA, anti-smith?

A

Specific for SLE

317
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody antihistone?

A

Drug-induced lupus

318
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody Anti-IgG (rhematoid factor)

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

319
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anticentromere?

A

Scleroderm (CReST)

320
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody Anti-Scl-70

A

Scleroderma (diffuse)

321
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody antimitochondrial?

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

322
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody antigliadin?

A

Celiac disease

323
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-basement membrane?

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

324
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-epithelial cell

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

325
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody antimicrosomal, antithyroglobulin?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

326
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-Jo-1

A

Polymyositis, dermatomysositis

327
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-SS-A (anti-Ro)

A

Sjogren’s syndrome

328
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-SS-B (anti-La)

A

Sjogren’s syndrome

329
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody Anti-U1 RNP (ribonucleoprotein)

A

Mixed CT disease

330
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody Anti-smooth muscle?

A

Autoimmune hepatitis

331
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody anti-glutamate decarboxylase?

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus

332
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody c-ANCA?

A

Wegener’s granulomatosis

333
Q

What is the associated disorder of the autoantibody p-ANCA

A

Other vasculitides

Pathology I Final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions