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MOD 4 - Endocrine > Path > Flashcards

Path Flashcards

1
Q

2 components of pituitary gland

A

anterior:

  • 80%
  • positive and negative feedback from hypoT
  • cells: acidophil, basophil, chromophobe

posterior:

  • pituicytes (modified glial cells and axon terminals)
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2
Q
A

Pituitary gland:

L: superior pituitary with the stalk coming from the hypothalamus entering it. larger portion, the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), is toward the top.

R: inferior pituitary. posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is the smaller portion at the bottom.

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3
Q
A

R: adenophyphysis

L: neurohypophysis

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4
Q
A

adenohypophysis

  • basophils (purple): FLAT
    • gonadotropes
    • corticotropes
    • thyrotropes
  • acidophils (pink): PiG
    • mammotropes
    • somatotropes
  • chromophobes (clear):
    • resting/degranulated chromophils
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5
Q
A

pituitary adenoma

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6
Q

inherited genetic defects of pituitary adenomas (4)

A

MEN1

CDKN1B

PRKAR1A

AIP

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7
Q

Abnormalities associated with aggressive behavior:

A
  • Overexpression of CyclinD1
  • TP53 mutations
  • Silencing of RB
  • Activating mutations of the HRAS oncogene (pituitary carcinoma)
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8
Q

morphology of pituitary adenomas (5)

A
  1. soft & well circumscribed
  2. uniforme polygonal cells
  3. sparse CT/reticulin
  4. sparse mitotic activity
  5. uniform cytoplams (dependent of type of hormone produced)
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9
Q

Prolactin can be demonstrated within the secretory granules in the cytoplasm of the cells using _____ stains

A

IHC

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10
Q

corticotroph adenomas stains:

A

PAH: carb in POMC

ICH: POMC, ACTH, beta-endorphin

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11
Q

The most common cause of Secondary Hyperthyroidism is ….

A

TSH secreting pituitary adenoma

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12
Q

primary empty sella v secondary empty sella

A

primary:

defect in diaphragm sella –> arachnoid mater & CSF –> herniate into sella –> expand & compress pituitary

  • obese women with multiple pregnanacies
  • presentation:
    • visual field defects
    • endocrine anomalies (hyperprolac)

secondary:

mass enlarges in sella –> sx removal/infarcton –> loss of pituitary function

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13
Q

what type of distribution do Craniopharyngiomas have?

A

•Bimodal distribution –

–Peak in childhood (5 – 15 years)

–Peak in adulthood > 65 years

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14
Q

dx features of craniopharyngiomas (4)

A

adamantinomatous type (children):

  1. nests/cords of stratified sq epithelium embedded in spongy reticulum
  2. palisading sq epithelium in periphery
  3. wet keratin (compact lamellar keratin)
  4. dystrophic calcifications

papillary type (adult):

solid sheets & papillaie lined by sq epithelium

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15
Q

Pregnancy-Related Thyroid Disease

A

↑ estrogen –> ↑ TBC

hCG (+) thyroid hormone –> downregulation of TSH in 1st trimester

  • returns to normal in 2nd & 3rd trimester
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16
Q

germline mutations in what can result in hypothyroidism? (3)

A

PAX8, FOXE1 and TSHR

17
Q

genetic component to hasimoto thyroiditis

A

CTLA4: Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen-4

PTPN22: Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-22

•Code for regulators of T-cell responses

18
Q

genetic pathogenesis of thyroid adenomas

A

gain of fxn: TSHR or GNAS

minority: RAS, PIK3CA, PAX8-PPARG (fusion gene)
* can become follicular carcinomas

19
Q

Osteoprotegerin

A

(OPG) = decoy recepttor produced by osteoblasts & stromal cells that bind & sequester RANKL

20
Q

estrogen and bone metabolism

A

inhibits activation of adenylyl cyclase & prevents resorption; stimulates bone production

21
Q

IL-____ suppresses osteoclasts

A

IL-10 suppresses osteoclasts

22
Q

IL-___ stimulates osteoclast differentiation

A

IL-1 stimulates osteoclast differentiation

23
Q

PG___ activates adenylyl cyclase

A

PGE2 activates adenylyl cyclase

24
Q

secondary causes of hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia

  • chronic renal failure –> multiglanudlar hyperplasia
  • malabsorption
  • decreased sun exposure
  • vitD deficiency

hyperphosphatemia

  • chronic renal failure
  • milk-alkali syndrome
  • laxative use
  • bisphasphonate
  • tumor lysis syndrome

hypomagnesemia:

  • aminoglycosides
  • alcohol
  • diarrhea
25
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

calcium deposits in abnormal tissues (degenerative changes)

  • no blood calcium abnormalities!!

ex:

  • Mönckeberg’s calcification​: Ca in bv wall
  • dental plaque
  • myositis ossificans: from crushed/injured msucle
  • aortic stenosis
26
Q

pineal gland

A

“the third eye”

  • @ base of brain
  • photosensory & neuroendocrine
  • melatonin: circadian rhythm - sleep/wake cycle

tumors = RARE!

  • germ cell are most FREQ pineal neoplams
    • dysgerminoma: germ cell tumor occuring in ovaries instead of brain
27
Q

MEN 1 is also known as…

A

wermer’s syndrome

28
Q

achlorhydria

A

absent gastric acidity

MOD 4 - Endocrine (2 decks)

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