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Neoplasia > Path > Flashcards

Path Flashcards

1
Q

Lack of differentiation is defined as

A

Anaplasia

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2
Q

Dysplasia is

A

preinvasive - lesion is WITHIN epithelia

HAS NOT penetrated BM

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3
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

Dysplastic changes are marked and involve the entire thickness of the epithelium

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4
Q

Incidence of cancers in men

A

1) Prostate
2) Lung
3) Colon

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5
Q

Incidence of cancer in women

A

1) Breast
2) lung
3) colon

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6
Q

cancers by death for men and women

A

men
1) Lung 2) Prostate 3) colon
women
1) lung 2) breast 3) colon

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7
Q

% of cancers that are heritable

A

5-10%

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8
Q

Inherited cancers

A
  • brca 1 and 2 mutations
    NF
    -MEN
    FAP
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9
Q

DNA repair syndromes

A

Lynch syndrome

Xeroderma pigmentosum

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10
Q

stomach cancer incidence higher in
Skin cancer incidence higher in
prostate cancer incidence

A

Japan
Australia
african american

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11
Q

EBV can cause

A

burkitts
B cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed patients
nasopharyngeal carcinomas

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12
Q

H. pylori can cause

A

gastric adenocarcinomas

MALT gastric lymphoma

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13
Q

Characteristics of cancer

A

uncontrolled proliferation
loss of differentiation
invasion
metastasis

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14
Q 
Self sufficiency in growth - 
Ret
Ras
Abl
Myc
Cyclin D1
A

RET: GDNF receptor –> MEN 2 often germline
RAS: active forms binds GTP - inactivated by GTPases- lung cancer
ABL: bCR-abL9/22- CML AML
MYC: amplified or translocation - N-myc: neuroblast L-myc: SCLC - Burkitt’s IgH/Myc
CYCLIND: Phophorylate Rb G1-S work with CDK4 and 6 IgH/CyclinD - Mantle cell lymphoma

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15
Q

IgH- Myc
IgH-CyclinD1
IgH - Bcl2

A

Burkitt’s 8/14 translocaton
Mantle cell lymphoma
B cell follicular

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16
Q 
Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals - TSG!
Rb
p16 cdk Inhib
APC
p53
others:
Pten
wT1 - Wilm's
A

Rb: Retinoblastoma - 2 mutations needed
p16: specific to CDK4 can have germline mutations and O/E!! in HPV
APC: wnt signaling Beta catenin translocation - FAP

17
Q

Critical cell cycle regulators

A

CDK4, Cyclin D, Rb, P16

18
Q 
DNA repair genes
p53
NER genes
MLH MSH genes
homologous recombination
A

p53: acts on p21, bound to mdm2, activates Bax Li Fraumeni
HPV e6 e7
MMR genes –> microsatellite instability - Lynch syndrome
HNPCC
NER genes –> xeroderma pigmentosum
HRR: Brca1 and 2

19
Q

E2 genes in HPV normally
E6 binds…
E7 binds

A

suppress E6 and E7
p53 - degrades p53 AND Bax, activates telomerase
Rb: displaces E2F allow cell proliferation

20
Q

Evading apoptosis

Bcl2

A

Follicular B cell lymphomas O/E bcl2

21
Q

Limitless replicative potential

reactivation of telomerase

A

present in >90 % of cancers

22
Q

Sustained angiogenesis

A

Bevacizumab - anti-VEGF monoclonal Ab

23
Q

Locomotion of metastatic cells

A

hepatocyte growth factor scatter factor

24
Q

Tumor antigen recognition

A

1) products of mutated genes
2) O/E or aberrant expression e.g. tyrosinase in melanoma, fetal proteins, and Cancer testis antigesn
3) products of oncogenic viruses

25
Q

mechanisms of defence immunological

A

CD8+ T cells
NK cells
macrophages
limited role for antibodies

26
Q

Evading defenses

A 
1- loss of MHC
2- antigen-negative variants
3- immunosuppression TGFbeta
4- antigen masking
5- apoptosis of cd8 T cells
27
Q

3 examples of benign tumors with adverse effects

A

1- hemangioma
2- leiomyoma
3- meningioma

28
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome

A

a symptom that cannot be explained by a local or distant spread of the tumor

29
Q

examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

A

1- ecctopic ACTH
2- ectopic adh- SCLC - siADH
3- hypercalcemia - squamous cell carcinoma

30
Q

3 ways you may get hypercalcemia

A

1) parathyroid adenoma
2) bone mets
3) squamous cell lung carcinoma

31
Q

cachexia characterized by

A

increased BMR
release of TNF IL-1
promote muscle catabolism

Neoplasia (2 decks)

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