Pasturella etc Flashcards
Pasteurella multocida- key characteristics
Gram -
Obligate symbiotic
Little resistance in environment
Capsule: types A-E (antigenic properties)
-type A: mucoid, capsule + hyaluronic acid
-Subdivision based on somatic antigens
Pasteurella multocida- virulence factor
Fimbriae- adhesion
Outer membrane proteins-adhesion
Capsule- anti-phagocytic
Siderophores and OMPs- iron acquisition
Repeat in toxin (RTX)- leukotoxin; lysis of erythrocyte; inflammatory rxn
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT)- activation of osteoclasts (dermonecrotic toxin)
Pasteurella multocida- pathogenesis
High virulent strains: obligate pathogenic- septicemia
In bovines, birds, rabbits
Low virulent strains (nose and tonsils)
Facultative pathogenic: rhinitis, pneumonia
In pig, poultry, bovines, rabbits
Zoonotic aspect: cats and dogs
Pasteurella multocida- snuffles in rabbits
Rhinitis May evolve to: pleuropneumonia Otitis Conjunctivitis Abscesses
Pasteurella multocida: in bovines-Low pathogenic serovars
bronchopneumonia in calves
Pasteurella multocida: - high pathogenic serovars
Hemorrhagic septicemia also in camels Serotypes: -B2 mainly south east asia -E2 mainly in Africa -Not in europe nor in USA High mortalities (50-100%) Spread by asymptomatic carriers (tonsils) -Direct contact -ticks and fleas Therapy- Abs do not work Inactivated vaccine
Pasteurella multocida: pigs
Atrophic rhinitis
Lung pasteurellosis: multifactorial disease, often secondary
-mainly capsule type A and somatic type 3
Aerosol transmission
Carriers (nose)
Suppurative bronchopneumonia and fibrinous pleuritis
Pasteurella multocida: fowl cholera
Different capsular types
Susceptibility differences
-duck>goose>turkey>chicken>pheasant>partrige> guinea fowl
In nose and beak of healthy animals
Entrance: mucosal mouth, throat, trachea, skin lesions
Septicemia: acute, subacute, chronic disease progression (depending on host)
Chicken and turkey; mainly young adult
Chicken : chronic: sneezing, nose excretions, edema head
Excretion: nose, mouth: drinking water, feed hygiene
Pasteurella multocida: cats and dogs
less virulent serotypes: on mucous membranes
-nose
-tonsils
Associated with respiratory tract infections
Licking of wounds: wound infection
Biting wounds and scratch lesions (humans included)
Cats biting a bird: bird gets pasteurella septicemia
-in the eventual case: always give antibiotics (the bird may rarely survive the infection)
Pasteurella multocida: diagnosis
Bacteriology
Pasteurella multocida: treatment
Antibiotics
Little success hen hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle
Antimicrobial resistance is a problem
Pasteurella multocida: prevention
Vaccines for pigs, chicken and cattle
Mannheimia: key characteristics
Obligate symbiotic
Facultative pathogenic
Capsule types (A-F)
Low environmental resistance
Mannheimia haemolytica: virulence factors
Leukotoxin (RTX) -low dose activation NF and MF -high dose: lysis phagocytes -only active on leucocytes of bovines and sheep -strong antigen Transferrin binding proteins Capsule (anti-phagocytosis) Adhesion: fimbriae and OMPs
Mannheimia haemolytica: pathogenesis
facultative pathogenic
Origin: nose, tonsils, nasopharynx
Mannheimia haemolytica: pigs
Rarely seen in pigs
- septicemia
- meningitis
- respiratory complication after
Mannheimia haemolytica: sheep and bovines- symptoms
Pneumonia (both primary and secondary infection are possible)
Septicemia
Mannheimia haemolytica- sheep/goat
on mucosal of nose and tonsil
all serotypes
Little to no acquired antimicrobial resistance
Mannheimia haemolytica: bovine
Serotypes- 1,2,6
Seldom found in nose; tonsils/nasopharynx (low numbers)
Quite some acquired antimicrobial resistance, esp in USA
Role in bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves
Multifactorial disease
Environmental factors
Bacterial infections
Viral infections
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves by m haemolystica and P multocida
Shipping fever/bovine respiratory disease Stress-> multiplication in nasopharynx -> excretion: high numbers -> lung, fibronecrotic bronchopneumonia Septicemia phace Contamination of other animals
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- immunity
Mainly antibody mediated immunity
Presence in tonsils: antibody production and partial protection
Protective antigens:
-leukotoxin: strong antigen
-adhesins (some OMPs and fimbriae): strong antigens
-capsule: not a good grade of protection
-transferrin binding proteins: string antigens
Vaccinen however needs a combination of factors to be effective
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- symptoms
respiratory distress
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- lung lesions
Different grades of lung lesions, depending on complicating infections
- fibrinous necrotizing bronchopneumonia
- serofibrinous pleurites
- well defined pneumonia zones
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- diagnosis
Bacterial culture from lungs, BAL, nose (though difficult interpretation)
Little resistant: quick to lab
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- treatment
antibiotics (high level of resistance
Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves: prevention
ventilation and thermoregulation
Feed: reduce storage fermentation (lower energy concentration)
Vaccination (success is variable)
Bibersteinia trehalosi
Upper respiratory tracts and tonsils of healthy sheep and other ruminants
Only found pathogenic for sheep
Septicemia at age of 5-12 months; resembles bovine hemorrhagic septicemia
Acute mortality
Bibersteinia trehalosi: predisposing factors
Stress
Management changes
Bibersteinia trehalosi: treatment
antibiotics
Bibersteinia trehalosi: prevention
Prevention of predisposing factors
Actinobacillus- key characteristics
Pasteurellaceae
Gram -
A pleuropneumoniae: key characteristics
V impt disease only in swine rearing- host specific
Worldwide
Obligate symbiotic
Not so resistant in environment
A pleuropneumoniae: biotypes
Biotype 1: NAD-dependent
Biotype 2: NAD-independent
NAD: a coenzyme that functions as a biochemical electron carrier
A pleuropneumoniae: serotypes
16 serotypes- some of which are divided into subtypes
Difference in virulence between serotypes
But also within serotypes there may be differences in virulence
Geographical difference in prevalence
A pleuropneumoniae: virulence
- adhesion to lung epithelial: fimbriae
- multiplication: Fe necessary
- transferring binding proteins
- hemoglobin binding proteins - exotoxin production: 4 apx toxins
- Capsule: immune evasion
- Outer membrane proteins
- Enzymes- proteases, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase
- Heat shock proteins
A pleuropneumoniae: pathogenesis
Adhesion lung alveoli: fimbriae/OMPs -> multiplication-> APX toxin and transferrin binding proteins
Capsule: immune evasion
Enzymes (proteases. SODs)
Heat shock proteins
Spread from pig to pig via direct contact or aerosol
Spread through stable: ventilation, regrouping of pigs, farmer
A pleuropneumoniae: exotoxin production: APX toxins
RTX toxins: make pores into cells (blood cells, endothelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells)
Effects on phagocytes: low does=O2 radicals; high dose=lytic
I, II, III (variably present), IV (in all)
IV: only expression in vivo- necessary for full virulence
I: strong hemolytic and cytolytic effects
II: weak hemolytic and cytolytic effects
III: strong cytolytic
A pleuropneumoniae: virulence and pathogenesis
Carriers: nose, tonsils, long noduli
Predisposing factors: bacteria dependent, virulence factors
host dependent: stress
Transport, pen exchanges, overpopulation, climate not adapted, ventilation, after another infection
A pleuropneumoniae: symptoms
Respiratory distress General symptoms Hyperacute- couple of hours Acute Chronic
A pleuropneumoniae: lesions
Fibrinous pleuritis
Hemorrhagic necrotizing pneumonia
Adhesive pleuritis
Noduli
A pleuropneumoniae: Immunity
Mainly antibody mediated Antigens generating protective antibodies (included in vaccines) -type IV fimbriae -transferrin binding proteins -Apx toxins
A pleuropneumoniae: diagnosis
Symptoms Autopsy Bacterial culture -samples need to be fast in the lab (little resistant, postmortem contaminants may overgrow), eventually freeze and -20 -slow grower -staphylococcus necessary -Co2 enriched environment -selective media Serology -only of value at farm level Detection of carriers -antibodies -bacterial culture, swab from nose or tonsils
A pleuropneumoniae: treatment
Hygiene Antimicrobials: -sick: parenteral then better, per os (freq too late) -not sick yet- per os -not so much acquired resistance
A pleuropneumoniae: vaccine
Bacterins: +/-
Apx toxins: +
Apx and transferring binding proteins: ++
Apx and TBP and type 4 fimbriae: +++
Actinobacillus suis
Lesion similar to APP but less extensive - toxins related to Apx I and II
Carriers: tonsils and vagina
Pathogenic for mice
Sporadic
Limited number of animals affected
Acute: acute mortality with clinical symptoms =APP in young animals
Less acute: general symptoms, respiratory distress and poly arthritis in older piglets
In adult pigs: general symptoms (subcutaneous abscesses and meningitis possible)
Diagnosis: bacteriology
Treatment: antibiotics
Actinobacillus equuil: horses
carriers mouth and gi tract
Aqx toxins
Actinobacillus equuil: foal
septicemia with frequently kidney failure
sleepy foal disease: acute infection, death within few days after birth
Enteritis
More general localization: slimy pus
treatment (ab): fails most of the times
Lack of colostrum is the main cause
Actinobacillus equuil: adult
Rare Abortions or birth of sleepy foal disease foal Reparatory distress Septicemia Cutaneous abscesses Localization in joints
Actinobacillus lignieresi
Inhabitant of nasopharynx (cattle, sheep, horses)
Infection of weak tissues (tongue): connective tissue proliferation
Rare endogenic infection in mainly cows- rarely in sheep, soft tissue infections (after biting) and stomatitis in horses
Nosocomial outbreak: contaminated surgical stuff from vet
-atypical lesions at surgical site
Lesions: capsule of connective tissue with multiple granulomas containing yellowing pus and sulfer granules
Wooden tongue or timber tongue
Actinobacillus lignieresi: diagnosis
Symptoms (wooden tongue and drooling) Histology Microscopy of granules- native or HE- typical structure -gram: gram negative microorganisms DD: actinomycosis (affects the bones) Nocardiosis
Actinobacillus lignieresi: therapy
Prognosis only positive in initial phase
Surgery: resection or opening of abscesses
Local unguents base on iodine or kalium iodine
Freq relapses
Bartonella
Gram neg Aerobic Culture: 1-5 wks Different species, only important one is: bartonella henselae Zoonotic
Bartonella henselae: pathogenesis
Infections in cats
Transmission: fleas
Subclinical infection and vague symptoms
Bacteremia: in RBCs for months/years; intermitted present; intracellular in RBCs
Bartonella henselae: immunity
After infection immunity to reinfection with homologous strain
Bartonella henselae:
Infectious in cats (dogs) vague symptoms, duration 1-7 days
Mainly in animals <1 and associated with flea infestation
Swelling lymph nodes
Lethargic, anorexia
Mild neurologic symptoms
Endocarditis
Retrovirus infection: worse course of the disease
Bartonella henselae: prevalences
4-80% of cats positive
15-55% of cats positive
Bartonella henselae: diagnosis
culture: difficult
ELISA
PCR
Bartonella henselae: zoonosis
Cat scratch disease- bacillary angiomatosis, bacillary pelisses, relapsing bacteremia
Mainly seen in persons with reduced immunity, in poor condition
Mainly in younger persons
Most of the time no real problem; self limiting lymphadenopathy
Bartonella henselae: Zoonosis entrance
Wounds (cat scratch)
fleas
eye mucosae
Bartonella henselae: prevention
flea prevention
disinfection of cat scratches/bites
immunodeficient persons and sick children should not be in contact with cats
Streptobacillus
Division of fusobacteria
Normla microbiota of mouth and throat of rats
Cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs
Streptobacillus: zoonotic
Rat bite fever in humans
Contaminated food and drinking water: haverhill fever
Spirillum
Cannot be cultured on artificial media Needs animal inoculation- IP in guinea pig or mouse Found in rats -blood, conjunctiva, mouth Mainly seen in asia
Spirillum minus: rats
Conjunctivitis
Bronchopneumonia
Septicemia
Spirillum minus: cats and pigs
Rare
Eating of infected animals
General symptoms and lymphadenopathy
Spirillum minus: humans
Bites or scratch of infected rat
rat bite fever
