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Bacteriology > Pasturella etc > Flashcards

Pasturella etc Flashcards

1
Q

Pasteurella multocida- key characteristics

A

Gram -
Obligate symbiotic
Little resistance in environment
Capsule: types A-E (antigenic properties)
-type A: mucoid, capsule + hyaluronic acid
-Subdivision based on somatic antigens

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2
Q

Pasteurella multocida- virulence factor

A

Fimbriae- adhesion
Outer membrane proteins-adhesion
Capsule- anti-phagocytic
Siderophores and OMPs- iron acquisition
Repeat in toxin (RTX)- leukotoxin; lysis of erythrocyte; inflammatory rxn
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT)- activation of osteoclasts (dermonecrotic toxin)

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3
Q

Pasteurella multocida- pathogenesis

A

High virulent strains: obligate pathogenic- septicemia
In bovines, birds, rabbits
Low virulent strains (nose and tonsils)
Facultative pathogenic: rhinitis, pneumonia
In pig, poultry, bovines, rabbits
Zoonotic aspect: cats and dogs

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4
Q

Pasteurella multocida- snuffles in rabbits

A 
Rhinitis
May evolve to: pleuropneumonia
Otitis
Conjunctivitis
Abscesses
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5
Q

Pasteurella multocida: in bovines-Low pathogenic serovars

A

bronchopneumonia in calves

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6
Q

Pasteurella multocida: - high pathogenic serovars

A 
Hemorrhagic septicemia 
also in camels
Serotypes:
  -B2 mainly south east asia
  -E2 mainly in Africa
  -Not in europe nor in USA
High mortalities (50-100%)
Spread by asymptomatic carriers (tonsils)
   -Direct contact
   -ticks and fleas
Therapy- Abs do not work
Inactivated vaccine
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7
Q

Pasteurella multocida: pigs

A

Atrophic rhinitis
Lung pasteurellosis: multifactorial disease, often secondary
-mainly capsule type A and somatic type 3
Aerosol transmission
Carriers (nose)
Suppurative bronchopneumonia and fibrinous pleuritis

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8
Q

Pasteurella multocida: fowl cholera

A

Different capsular types
Susceptibility differences
-duck>goose>turkey>chicken>pheasant>partrige> guinea fowl
In nose and beak of healthy animals
Entrance: mucosal mouth, throat, trachea, skin lesions
Septicemia: acute, subacute, chronic disease progression (depending on host)
Chicken and turkey; mainly young adult
Chicken : chronic: sneezing, nose excretions, edema head
Excretion: nose, mouth: drinking water, feed hygiene

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9
Q

Pasteurella multocida: cats and dogs

A

less virulent serotypes: on mucous membranes
-nose
-tonsils
Associated with respiratory tract infections
Licking of wounds: wound infection
Biting wounds and scratch lesions (humans included)
Cats biting a bird: bird gets pasteurella septicemia
-in the eventual case: always give antibiotics (the bird may rarely survive the infection)

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10
Q

Pasteurella multocida: diagnosis

A

Bacteriology

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11
Q

Pasteurella multocida: treatment

A

Antibiotics
Little success hen hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle
Antimicrobial resistance is a problem

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12
Q

Pasteurella multocida: prevention

A

Vaccines for pigs, chicken and cattle

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13
Q

Mannheimia: key characteristics

A

Obligate symbiotic
Facultative pathogenic
Capsule types (A-F)
Low environmental resistance

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14
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica: virulence factors

A 
Leukotoxin (RTX)
 -low dose activation NF and MF
 -high dose: lysis phagocytes
 -only active on leucocytes of bovines and sheep
 -strong antigen
Transferrin binding proteins
Capsule (anti-phagocytosis)
Adhesion: fimbriae and OMPs
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15
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica: pathogenesis

A

facultative pathogenic

Origin: nose, tonsils, nasopharynx

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16
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica: pigs

A

Rarely seen in pigs

  • septicemia
  • meningitis
  • respiratory complication after
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17
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica: sheep and bovines- symptoms

A

Pneumonia (both primary and secondary infection are possible)
Septicemia

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18
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica- sheep/goat

A

on mucosal of nose and tonsil
all serotypes
Little to no acquired antimicrobial resistance

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19
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica: bovine

A

Serotypes- 1,2,6
Seldom found in nose; tonsils/nasopharynx (low numbers)
Quite some acquired antimicrobial resistance, esp in USA
Role in bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves

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20
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves

A

Multifactorial disease
Environmental factors
Bacterial infections
Viral infections

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21
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves by m haemolystica and P multocida

A 
Shipping fever/bovine respiratory disease
Stress-> multiplication in nasopharynx
-> excretion: high numbers
-> lung, fibronecrotic bronchopneumonia
Septicemia phace
Contamination of other animals
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22
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- immunity

A

Mainly antibody mediated immunity
Presence in tonsils: antibody production and partial protection
Protective antigens:
-leukotoxin: strong antigen
-adhesins (some OMPs and fimbriae): strong antigens
-capsule: not a good grade of protection
-transferrin binding proteins: string antigens
Vaccinen however needs a combination of factors to be effective

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23
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- symptoms

A

respiratory distress

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24
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- lung lesions

A

Different grades of lung lesions, depending on complicating infections

  • fibrinous necrotizing bronchopneumonia
  • serofibrinous pleurites
  • well defined pneumonia zones
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25
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- diagnosis

A

Bacterial culture from lungs, BAL, nose (though difficult interpretation)
Little resistant: quick to lab

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26
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves- treatment

A

antibiotics (high level of resistance

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27
Q

Bacterial bronchopneumonia in calves: prevention

A

ventilation and thermoregulation
Feed: reduce storage fermentation (lower energy concentration)
Vaccination (success is variable)

28
Q

Bibersteinia trehalosi

A

Upper respiratory tracts and tonsils of healthy sheep and other ruminants
Only found pathogenic for sheep
Septicemia at age of 5-12 months; resembles bovine hemorrhagic septicemia
Acute mortality

29
Q

Bibersteinia trehalosi: predisposing factors

A

Stress

Management changes

30
Q

Bibersteinia trehalosi: treatment

A

antibiotics

31
Q

Bibersteinia trehalosi: prevention

A

Prevention of predisposing factors

32
Q

Actinobacillus- key characteristics

A

Pasteurellaceae

Gram -

33
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: key characteristics

A

V impt disease only in swine rearing- host specific
Worldwide
Obligate symbiotic
Not so resistant in environment

34
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: biotypes

A

Biotype 1: NAD-dependent
Biotype 2: NAD-independent
NAD: a coenzyme that functions as a biochemical electron carrier

35
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: serotypes

A

16 serotypes- some of which are divided into subtypes
Difference in virulence between serotypes
But also within serotypes there may be differences in virulence
Geographical difference in prevalence

36
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: virulence

A
  1. adhesion to lung epithelial: fimbriae
  2. multiplication: Fe necessary
    - transferring binding proteins
    - hemoglobin binding proteins
  3. exotoxin production: 4 apx toxins
  4. Capsule: immune evasion
  5. Outer membrane proteins
  6. Enzymes- proteases, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase
  7. Heat shock proteins
37
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: pathogenesis

A

Adhesion lung alveoli: fimbriae/OMPs -> multiplication-> APX toxin and transferrin binding proteins
Capsule: immune evasion
Enzymes (proteases. SODs)
Heat shock proteins
Spread from pig to pig via direct contact or aerosol
Spread through stable: ventilation, regrouping of pigs, farmer

38
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: exotoxin production: APX toxins

A

RTX toxins: make pores into cells (blood cells, endothelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells)
Effects on phagocytes: low does=O2 radicals; high dose=lytic
I, II, III (variably present), IV (in all)
IV: only expression in vivo- necessary for full virulence
I: strong hemolytic and cytolytic effects
II: weak hemolytic and cytolytic effects
III: strong cytolytic

39
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: virulence and pathogenesis

A

Carriers: nose, tonsils, long noduli
Predisposing factors: bacteria dependent, virulence factors
host dependent: stress
Transport, pen exchanges, overpopulation, climate not adapted, ventilation, after another infection

40
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: symptoms

A 
Respiratory distress
General symptoms 
Hyperacute- couple of hours
Acute
Chronic
41
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: lesions

A

Fibrinous pleuritis
Hemorrhagic necrotizing pneumonia
Adhesive pleuritis
Noduli

42
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: Immunity

A 
Mainly antibody mediated
Antigens generating protective antibodies (included in vaccines)
-type IV fimbriae
-transferrin binding proteins
-Apx toxins
43
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: diagnosis

A 
Symptoms 
Autopsy
Bacterial culture
-samples need to be fast in the lab (little resistant, postmortem contaminants may overgrow), eventually freeze and -20
-slow grower
-staphylococcus necessary
-Co2 enriched environment
-selective media
Serology
-only of value at farm level 
Detection of carriers
-antibodies
-bacterial culture, swab from nose or tonsils
44
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: treatment

A 
Hygiene
Antimicrobials:
-sick: parenteral then better, per os (freq too late)
-not sick yet- per os
-not so much acquired resistance
45
Q

A pleuropneumoniae: vaccine

A

Bacterins: +/-
Apx toxins: +
Apx and transferring binding proteins: ++
Apx and TBP and type 4 fimbriae: +++

46
Q

Actinobacillus suis

A

Lesion similar to APP but less extensive - toxins related to Apx I and II
Carriers: tonsils and vagina
Pathogenic for mice
Sporadic
Limited number of animals affected
Acute: acute mortality with clinical symptoms =APP in young animals
Less acute: general symptoms, respiratory distress and poly arthritis in older piglets
In adult pigs: general symptoms (subcutaneous abscesses and meningitis possible)
Diagnosis: bacteriology
Treatment: antibiotics

47
Q

Actinobacillus equuil: horses

A

carriers mouth and gi tract

Aqx toxins

48
Q

Actinobacillus equuil: foal

A

septicemia with frequently kidney failure
sleepy foal disease: acute infection, death within few days after birth
Enteritis
More general localization: slimy pus
treatment (ab): fails most of the times
Lack of colostrum is the main cause

49
Q

Actinobacillus equuil: adult

A 
Rare
Abortions or birth of sleepy foal disease foal
Reparatory distress
Septicemia
Cutaneous abscesses
Localization in joints
50
Q

Actinobacillus lignieresi

A

Inhabitant of nasopharynx (cattle, sheep, horses)
Infection of weak tissues (tongue): connective tissue proliferation
Rare endogenic infection in mainly cows- rarely in sheep, soft tissue infections (after biting) and stomatitis in horses
Nosocomial outbreak: contaminated surgical stuff from vet
-atypical lesions at surgical site
Lesions: capsule of connective tissue with multiple granulomas containing yellowing pus and sulfer granules
Wooden tongue or timber tongue

51
Q

Actinobacillus lignieresi: diagnosis

A 
Symptoms (wooden tongue and drooling)
Histology
Microscopy of granules- native or HE- typical structure
-gram: gram negative microorganisms
DD: actinomycosis (affects the bones)
Nocardiosis
52
Q

Actinobacillus lignieresi: therapy

A

Prognosis only positive in initial phase
Surgery: resection or opening of abscesses
Local unguents base on iodine or kalium iodine
Freq relapses

53
Q

Bartonella

A 
Gram neg
Aerobic
Culture: 1-5 wks
Different species, only important one is: bartonella henselae
Zoonotic
54
Q

Bartonella henselae: pathogenesis

A

Infections in cats
Transmission: fleas
Subclinical infection and vague symptoms
Bacteremia: in RBCs for months/years; intermitted present; intracellular in RBCs

55
Q

Bartonella henselae: immunity

A

After infection immunity to reinfection with homologous strain

56
Q

Bartonella henselae:

A

Infectious in cats (dogs) vague symptoms, duration 1-7 days
Mainly in animals <1 and associated with flea infestation
Swelling lymph nodes
Lethargic, anorexia
Mild neurologic symptoms
Endocarditis
Retrovirus infection: worse course of the disease

57
Q

Bartonella henselae: prevalences

A

4-80% of cats positive

15-55% of cats positive

58
Q

Bartonella henselae: diagnosis

A

culture: difficult
ELISA
PCR

59
Q

Bartonella henselae: zoonosis

A

Cat scratch disease- bacillary angiomatosis, bacillary pelisses, relapsing bacteremia
Mainly seen in persons with reduced immunity, in poor condition
Mainly in younger persons
Most of the time no real problem; self limiting lymphadenopathy

60
Q

Bartonella henselae: Zoonosis entrance

A

Wounds (cat scratch)
fleas
eye mucosae

61
Q

Bartonella henselae: prevention

A

flea prevention
disinfection of cat scratches/bites
immunodeficient persons and sick children should not be in contact with cats

62
Q

Streptobacillus

A

Division of fusobacteria
Normla microbiota of mouth and throat of rats
Cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs

63
Q

Streptobacillus: zoonotic

A

Rat bite fever in humans

Contaminated food and drinking water: haverhill fever

64
Q

Spirillum

A 
Cannot be cultured on artificial media
Needs animal inoculation- IP in guinea pig or mouse
Found in rats
-blood, conjunctiva, mouth
Mainly seen in asia
65
Q

Spirillum minus: rats

A

Conjunctivitis
Bronchopneumonia
Septicemia

66
Q

Spirillum minus: cats and pigs

A

Rare
Eating of infected animals
General symptoms and lymphadenopathy

67
Q

Spirillum minus: humans

A

Bites or scratch of infected rat

rat bite fever

Bacteriology (12 decks)

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