Bordetella etc Flashcards
Bordetella: Key characteristics
Gram - Small Cocco-bacillus Slower growth- optimal growth T 30-37C Obligate symbiotic Facultative pathogenic
Bordetella: pathogenesis
Facultative pathogen
In the upper respiratory tract of many animal species
-Affinity for ciliated respiratory epithelium (adhesion)
Bordetella Virulence Factors- Filamentous haemagglutinin
Adhesion and hemagglutination
Most important one; attaches also to macrophages
Bordetella Virulence Factors- fimbriae
Role unclear
Bordetella Virulence Factors- pertactin
Outer membrane protein
Bordetella Virulence Factors- dermonecrotic toxin
damages nasal tissue and osteoblasts
Bordetella Virulence Factors-Tracheal cytotoxin
Destruction of ciliated respiratory epithelium
Bordetella Virulence Factors-Adenylate-cylase
RTX family of toxins (repeat in toxin)
Inhibition of function of neutrophils poreforming
Main pathology in:
Pigs- pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis Dogs- kennel cough rabbits guinea pigs Less in: cats, horses Seldom- ruminants
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs-Pneumonic bordetellosis
Age < 1 week: primary infection
Age > 1 week: secondary infection
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs-Pneumonic bordetellosis: symptoms
Symptoms: coughing and dyspnea in young animals
In general, no fever
Morbidity: high
Mortality: variable to high
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs-Pneumonic bordetellosis: lesions in lungs
frontal and mid lobus
Go from red to brown/yellow-brown
Chronic: dry aspect
Purulent bronchiolitis and alveolitis
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- non progressive atrophic rhinitis
Only B. bronchiseptica involved
Dermonecrotic toxin production increases:
-damage of nasal mucosae
-production of mucus
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- progressive atrophic rhinitis
\+ pasteurella multocida B bronchiseptica: - mucus production is sufficient -damage of epithelium (NH3) High infection pressure Multiplication of P multocida DNT/PMT production of P multocida: activation of osteroclasts -increased bone damage
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs-severity
Depends on:
infection pressure
age of colonization with Bb and Pm
dust ventilation
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- symptoms
Sniffling
sneezing
progressive disease
tears
serious: + blood
Nose: anatomical deviation
Skewed, ribbings of skin, shortening
Growth of the animals is less goodBordetella bronchiseptica in pigs-epidemiology
Bb colonizes easier than Pm Direct contact-aersosol (short distance) Bb: sow to offspring Pm: older piglets to younger Helps to develop a treatment strategy with management factors including
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- treatment
Difficult- no optimal therapy
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- treatment- hygiene, management factors
Compartmentation (ages, transmission between compartments)
Ventilation
Constant temp
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- treatment- Antimicrobials
Pm has quite some acquired resistance
Bb: naturally little susceptible to Nitrofurantoin, Spectinomycin, streptomycin, ceftiofur, ampicillin, amoxycillin
Pm: quite some AMR
Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs- treatment- vaccination
Sows DNT of Pm must be included Inactivated Bb Head liable toxin of Pm Vaccination of piglets- questionable result
Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)
Kennel cough -rhinitis -laryngitis -Tracheobronchitis -Pneumonia and pleuritis Frequently complicated with other pathogens
Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)-infection
Endogenic
Exogenic
Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)- symptoms
Onset: in general 6-7 weeks old (early 3-4 weeks)
Dry cough
Nose, eye
General symptoms: T0, food intake, activity
Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)- immunity
Slow development of local antibodies
Thus long excretion (14 weeks)
Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)- treatment
Mostly self-limiting disease
Rest
Symptomatic: inhibition of cough (care)
Antibiotic eg. tetracyclines, only when + general symptoms
Aerosolization (polymixin B, kanamycin, gentamicin) sometimes done
Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs (and cats)- prevention
Hygiene and disinfection
Vaccination (combo with virus)
Inactivated vaccine
-primo vaccine: 2 injections, 3 weeks in between; yearly rappel. (interference with maternal immunity till W 4-6)
live vaccine: age 3 wks; nasal inoculation; no antibiotics; fast protection (72h); less interference with maternal immunity; yearly rappel
Bordetella bronchiseptica in horses
Seldom
Similar to cats and dogs
Bordetella bronchiseptica in horses-treatment
prevention of dust (for all respiratory diseases)
Rest: 3 wks for full recovery
Prevention of inhalation of spores of fungi
-wetting hay: in bath with water (spray not enough)
-Feeding on floor
-Replace hay eventually by alfalfa
-avoid straw
Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits
Nearly all: carriers
Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits- symptoms
nasal discharge Sneezing, snoring Congestion Conjunctivitis Tears Eye localization: blindness Ear infection Abscesses \+pasteurella multocida: bronchopneumonia
Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbit- treatment
depending on stage
- mostly not necessary
- antibiotics: be careful
Bordetella avium: turkeys
Coryza: -Rhinotracheitis -Acute (W 1-6) or chronic -frequently complicated (bacteria, virus) Environmental contamination
Respiratory problems in turkeys
Bordetella avium: turkeys-etiology
Complex
Bordetella avium- primary agent
Most frequently complication with TRT virus
Also included in swollen head syndrome with involvement of E coli
Bordetella avium: turkeys- symptoms
high morbidity, low mortality
growth reduction
seromucous nose discharge with sneezing and head shaking
eye
further evolution: tracheal rales, open beak respiration, dirt on wings
Bordetella avium: turkeys-Prevention
Older animals: carriers -separation of ages Transfer via floor bedding, drinking water -hygiene Vaccination of mother animals
Bordetella avium: turkeys-treatment
Antibiotics have little effect
Bordetella: diagnosis
Cultivation: -sampling nose (tonsils): clean nose before, deep, in transport medium -slow growth -better at 30 than 37C -blood agar plates -overgrowth problems Serology PCR
Moraxella: characteristics
Gram - pleomorphic rods Generally in pairs or short chains Non-motile Catalase and oxidase positive Obligate symbiotic Obligate pathogenic Quite resistant in the environment
Moraxella: virulence
Essential: fimbriae/pilli- adhesion to host cell (eye): conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells
Capsule
LPS
Exotoxins- cytotoxin, pore forming toxin (RTX)
Moraxella: Pathogenesis
Adhesion: fimbriae
Toxin production; RTX toxin, cytotoxicity
Tissue destruction
Inflammation
Further damage
Increased susceptibility to other pathogens and noninfectious agents (dust, flies)
Irreversible eye damage
Moraxella: predisposing factors
Young cattle Flies Eye irritation (dust, sun, etc) Bovine Herpesvirus 1 infection Other bacteria
Moraxella: Transmission
Direct contact with infected animal
Flies
Moraxella: Prevention
Flies
Dust
Elimination of other predisposing factors
Vaccination: bacterin, 4 wks or older, reduction of disease
Moraxella: treatment
antibiotics: local and eventually systemic
-tetracyclin, florfenicol
Corticosteroids
-if inflammation is serious
In separate stable no flies/dust: transmission
Glaesserella parasuis: characteristics
Glasser disease- pigs only NAD dependent (staph needed for culture) Obligate symbiotic Little resistance in environment Host specific Facultative pathogenic - commensals of mucosae- respiratory system and genital tract Differences in virulence (serotype dependent) Rare but worldwide Age: 2w-4m (mainly at weaning)
Glaesserella parasuis: virulence and pathogenesis
endogenic, exogenic Respiratory and genital mucosae Septicemia: general symptoms, acute mortality Meningitis: CNS symptoms OR polyserositis, polyarthritis
Glaesserella parasuis: treatment
Antimicrobials
At onset of outbreak: all piglets of litter 1M injections
Glaesserella parasuis: prevention
Vaccination (not always successful)
Sometimes farm specific bacterin/autogenous vaccine
Haemophilus felis
Little known about this bacterium
Present in health cats
Has been associated in cats with: pneumonis, chronic; conjunctivitis
Rare
Histophilus somnei- characteristics
2 days incubation with 5-10% CO2- thus freq overgrowth
Facultative pathogen
Obligate symbiotic
Colonizes the mucosal surface of ruminants esp urogenital
Histophilus somnei- virulence factors
lipo-oligosaccharides: endotoxin
-immune evasion and complement resistance
-apoptosis of pulmonary and brain endothelial cells
-colonization of reparatory tract
-activation of thrombocytes: intravascular coagulation
OMPs
-transferrin binding proteins
-Ig binding proteins IpbA: crossing the epithelial cells by cell disruption: intravascular coagulation
-intracellular survival (phagocytes)
Biofilms
Histophilus somnei- pathogenesis
Septicaemia CNS (TEME: trombo embolic meningo-encephalitis: sleepers disease) Arthritis Retinitis, conjunctivitis Myocarditis pneumonia, tracheitis Mastitis Aboriton Otitis
Histophilus somnei-diagnosis
Symptoms (TEME)
Bacterial culture
Histophilus somnei-treatment
Antibiotics
Little successful when: septicemic, TEME, myocarditis, polyarthritis, mastitis
Histophilus somnei-Vaccines
Available, also in combination with other pathogens
Avibacterium paragallinarum- characteristics
Obligate symbiotic Little resistant in environment NAD dependent Several serovars Pathogen for mainly chickens -infectious coryza: rhinitis and sinusitis -freq hobby chickens -occasionally pheasant, guinea fowl, quail Freq mixed infections
Avibacterium paragallinarum- virulence factors
Capsule (polysaccharides): anti-phagocytosis, anti-complement
Adhesions: fimbriae
Endotoxin
Iron acquisition
Avibacterium paragallinarum- pathogenesis
Adhesion upper respiratory tract
Carriers
Transmission via drinking water or aerosol
stress
Avibacterium paragallinarum- symptoms, acute
General symptoms and anorexia
conjunctivitis
Avibacterium paragallinarum- symptoms, subacute
Freq complicatede with viruses and other bacteria
sinusitis and pus
oedema head and neck
Avibacterium paragallinarum-symptoms, chronic
when complications occur
Decreased egg production layers
Poor growth: broilers
Avibacterium paragallinarum- diagnosis
symptoms and bacterial culture
Avibacterium paragallinarum-treatment
antibiotics (only successful when beginning of disease
Avibacterium paragallinarum- prevention
Eliminate carriers
Vaccination
Ornithobacterium: characteristics
In different bird species
-chickens, turkeys, partridges, pheasents, pigeons
18 serotypes
facultative pathogen
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: pathogenesis
Colonizes- nose, infraorbital sinus Stress, intercurrent respiratory infections, high density, ventilation, ammonia concentrations Trachea airsac lung pericarditis
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: symptoms
sneezing and nose exudate Coughing depression swelling sinus and facial odema Anorexia Dyspnea Mortality: low (1-3%)
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: diagnosis
Bacterial culture difficult -slow growth -freq overgrown by other bacteria -needs co2 ELISA (but only the most prevalent serotype included; no complete cross reaction between serotypes
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: treatment
Antibiotics: care!
- natural resistance to sulphonamides, pyrimidines, and aminoglycosides
- high prevalence of acquired resistance: susceptibility testing
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale: prevention
Management: avoid predisposing factors
Vaccination
