Pastest Notes

Question 1

What does somatostatin inhibit?

Answer 1

Growth hormone (GH)
Also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Question 2

Define tetany and its endocrine causes?

Answer 2

Muscle spasm/twitching

Caused by low PTH resulting in low serum calcium

Question 3

Chvosteks sign

Answer 3

Facial muscle twitching when facial nerve is tapped. CHvosteks - CHeek tap

Question 4

Trousseau’s sign

Answer 4

Hand spasm with BP cuff (stops what little serum calcium there is from passing into the hand)
TRousseu’s TRaps calcium upstream

Question 5

Another name for epinephrine

Answer 5

adrenaline = noradrenaline

Question 6

What stimulates TSH and prolactin release from pituitary and where is this hormone produced?

Answer 6

TRH (thyrotropin- releasing hormone)

Hypothalamus

Question 7

What hormone does the body produce in iodine deficiency?

Answer 7

TSH as iodine required for T3 and T4 production

Question 8

What hormonal changes result from T4 receptor insensitivity?

Answer 8

Increased TSH

Increased T4

Question 9

What does GH stimulate?

Answer 9

IGF-1

insulin-like growth factor 1

Question 10

What does PTH do to phosphate?

Answer 10

Induces excretion. “Phosphate trashing hormone”

Question 11

What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 11

FLAT GP

• FSH
• LH
• ACTH
• TSH
• GH
• Prolactin

Question 12

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 12

OA

• Oxytocin
• ADH

Question 13

By what 3 ways does PTH increase serum calcium?

Answer 13

• increases release of calcium (and phosphorus) from bone
• increase renal calcitriol formation
• decrease renal calcium excretion

Question 14

What does calcitriol do?

Answer 14

Increases dietary calcium absorption from small intestines

Question 15

What is the role of Vitamin D in serum calcium and where does it undergo change?

Answer 15

• Vitamin D goes to calcidiol in liver
• Calcidiol goes to calcitriol in kidneys
• Calcitriol is the most metabolically active form of Vit D3, increasing calcium absorption from the small intestines

Question 16

What do alpha pancreatic cells secrete?

Answer 16

Glucagon

Question 17

What do beta pancreatic cells secrete?

Answer 17

Insulin

Question 18

What do delta pancreatic cells secrete?

Answer 18

Somatostatin

Question 19

Why is C-peptide useful as a clinical measurement?

Answer 19

It is made in equimolar concentrations to insulin therefor can be used as a measurement for how much insulin production.

Question 20

What is Sipple syndrome also know as?

Answer 20

MEN 2a

Question 21

When would a Glucagon stimulation test be used?

Answer 21

Suspected phaeochromocytomas not displaying typically high plasma catecholamines

Question 22

What would be measured in a Glucagon stimulation test?

Answer 22

C - peptide
Cortisol
GH

Question 23

Why is glucagon stimulation test used as opposed to other tests?

Answer 23

Safer than insulin tolerance test. (ITT)

Question 24

Three symptoms of carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 24

Diarrhoea
Wheeze
Hot flush

Question 25

What would carcinoid syndrome indicate?

Answer 25

Neuroendocrine tumour (NET)

Question 26

What is a a phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 26

Tumour producing catecholamines, typically adrenaline

Question 27

What are 4 symptoms of phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 27

Headache Tremor Palpitations Sweating

Question 28

What is Conn syndrome?

Answer 28

primary hyperaldosteonism

Question 29

Features of Conn syndrome?

Answer 29

Resistant hypertension Hypokalaemia Hypernatraemia Metabolic acidosis

Question 30

What are the regions of the adrenal gland from outside to in?

Answer 30

Zona Glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla (GFR MEDULLA)

Question 31

What does the Zona glomerulosa produce?

Answer 31

Mineralcorticoids (think mineral on the outside) - Aldosterone

Question 32

What does the Zona fasciculata produce?

Answer 32

Glucocorticoids- cortisol, corticosterone

Question 33

What does the Zona reticularis produce?

Answer 33

adrenal androgens- dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Question 34

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 34

Catecholamines- epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine

Question 35

What can decreases the section of prolactin?

Answer 35

Dopamine

Question 36

Dopamine agonist used to treat hyperprolactinaemia with prolactinoma?

Answer 36

Bromocriptine

Question 37

What is the effect of increased PTH on osteoblasts?

Answer 37

causes osteoblasts to make RANK-L leading to osteoclastic formation and calcium release

Question 38

What is the most common thyroid cancer?

Answer 38

Papillary

Question 39

How does papillary thyroid cancer spread?

Answer 39

Lymph drainage ("papilliary doesn't spread to the capillaries")

Question 40

How does follicular thyroid cancer spread?

Answer 40

Haematogenously

Question 41

What thyroid cancers are differentiated?

Answer 41

Papillary | Follicular

Question 42

What is medullary thyroid cancer associated with?

Answer 42

MEN- 2

Question 43

What do C cells in thyroid gland produce?

Answer 43

Calcitonin

Question 44

What thyroid cancer grains rapidly with the worst prognosis?

Answer 44

Anaplastic

Question 45

What change can be seen on the lower limb in Graves' disease?

Answer 45

Pretibial myxoedema- orange peel

Question 46

What is aldosterone?

Answer 46

Steroid hormone produced in Zona glomerulosa. | Acts on kidneys to regulate salt and water balance.

Question 47

What hormonal changes are seen in Addison's disease? (primary adrenal failure)

Answer 47

Decreased cortisol Decreased aldosterone Increased ACTH

Question 48

What is produced alongside ACTH?

Answer 48

Melanocyte- stimulating hormone (MSH) | Therefor 'tanned' in Addison's as trying to stimulate adrenal gland

Question 49

Where is ACTH produced and stored?

Answer 49

Anterior pituitary

Question 50

When is ACTH released physiologically and what does that result in?

Answer 50

In times of stress | Cortisol release

Question 51

What hormonal changes are seen in secondary adrenal failure?

Answer 51

Decreased ACTH Decreased cortisol (Normal aldosterone)