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Endocrine Notes > Pastest Notes > Flashcards

Pastest Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What does somatostatin inhibit?

A 
Growth hormone (GH)
Also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
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2
Q

Define tetany and its endocrine causes?

A

Muscle spasm/twitching

Caused by low PTH resulting in low serum calcium

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3
Q

Chvosteks sign

A

Facial muscle twitching when facial nerve is tapped. CHvosteks - CHeek tap

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4
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

Hand spasm with BP cuff (stops what little serum calcium there is from passing into the hand)
TRousseu’s TRaps calcium upstream

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5
Q

Another name for epinephrine

A

adrenaline = noradrenaline

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6
Q

What stimulates TSH and prolactin release from pituitary and where is this hormone produced?

A

TRH (thyrotropin- releasing hormone)

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

What hormone does the body produce in iodine deficiency?

A

TSH as iodine required for T3 and T4 production

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8
Q

What hormonal changes result from T4 receptor insensitivity?

A

Increased TSH

Increased T4

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9
Q

What does GH stimulate?

A

IGF-1

insulin-like growth factor 1

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10
Q

What does PTH do to phosphate?

A

Induces excretion. “Phosphate trashing hormone”

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11
Q

What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

FLAT GP

  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • GH
  • Prolactin
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12
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

OA

  • Oxytocin
  • ADH
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13
Q

By what 3 ways does PTH increase serum calcium?

A
  • increases release of calcium (and phosphorus) from bone
  • increase renal calcitriol formation
  • decrease renal calcium excretion
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14
Q

What does calcitriol do?

A

Increases dietary calcium absorption from small intestines

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15
Q

What is the role of Vitamin D in serum calcium and where does it undergo change?

A
  • Vitamin D goes to calcidiol in liver
  • Calcidiol goes to calcitriol in kidneys
  • Calcitriol is the most metabolically active form of Vit D3, increasing calcium absorption from the small intestines
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16
Q

What do alpha pancreatic cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

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17
Q

What do beta pancreatic cells secrete?

A

Insulin

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18
Q

What do delta pancreatic cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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19
Q

Why is C-peptide useful as a clinical measurement?

A

It is made in equimolar concentrations to insulin therefor can be used as a measurement for how much insulin production.

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20
Q

What is Sipple syndrome also know as?

A

MEN 2a

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21
Q

When would a Glucagon stimulation test be used?

A

Suspected phaeochromocytomas not displaying typically high plasma catecholamines

22
Q

What would be measured in a Glucagon stimulation test?

A

C - peptide
Cortisol
GH

23
Q

Why is glucagon stimulation test used as opposed to other tests?

A

Safer than insulin tolerance test. (ITT)

24
Q

Three symptoms of carcinoid syndrome?

A

Diarrhoea
Wheeze
Hot flush

25
Q

What would carcinoid syndrome indicate?

A

Neuroendocrine tumour (NET)

26
Q

What is a a phaeochromocytoma?

A

Tumour producing catecholamines, typically adrenaline

27
Q

What are 4 symptoms of phaeochromocytoma?

A

Headache
Tremor
Palpitations
Sweating

28
Q

What is Conn syndrome?

A

primary hyperaldosteonism

29
Q

Features of Conn syndrome?

A

Resistant hypertension
Hypokalaemia
Hypernatraemia
Metabolic acidosis

30
Q

What are the regions of the adrenal gland from outside to in?

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Medulla

(GFR MEDULLA)

31
Q

What does the Zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Mineralcorticoids (think mineral on the outside) - Aldosterone

32
Q

What does the Zona fasciculata produce?

A

Glucocorticoids- cortisol, corticosterone

33
Q

What does the Zona reticularis produce?

A

adrenal androgens- dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

34
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Catecholamines- epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine

35
Q

What can decreases the section of prolactin?

A

Dopamine

36
Q

Dopamine agonist used to treat hyperprolactinaemia with prolactinoma?

A

Bromocriptine

37
Q

What is the effect of increased PTH on osteoblasts?

A

causes osteoblasts to make RANK-L leading to osteoclastic formation and calcium release

38
Q

What is the most common thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary

39
Q

How does papillary thyroid cancer spread?

A

Lymph drainage (“papilliary doesn’t spread to the capillaries”)

40
Q

How does follicular thyroid cancer spread?

A

Haematogenously

41
Q

What thyroid cancers are differentiated?

A

Papillary

Follicular

42
Q

What is medullary thyroid cancer associated with?

A

MEN- 2

43
Q

What do C cells in thyroid gland produce?

A

Calcitonin

44
Q

What thyroid cancer grains rapidly with the worst prognosis?

A

Anaplastic

45
Q

What change can be seen on the lower limb in Graves’ disease?

A

Pretibial myxoedema- orange peel

46
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Steroid hormone produced in Zona glomerulosa.

Acts on kidneys to regulate salt and water balance.

47
Q

What hormonal changes are seen in Addison’s disease? (primary adrenal failure)

A

Decreased cortisol
Decreased aldosterone
Increased ACTH

48
Q

What is produced alongside ACTH?

A

Melanocyte- stimulating hormone (MSH)

Therefor ‘tanned’ in Addison’s as trying to stimulate adrenal gland

49
Q

Where is ACTH produced and stored?

A

Anterior pituitary

50
Q

When is ACTH released physiologically and what does that result in?

A

In times of stress

Cortisol release

51
Q

What hormonal changes are seen in secondary adrenal failure?

A

Decreased ACTH
Decreased cortisol
(Normal aldosterone)

Endocrine Notes (2 decks)

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