Past Q's Horse 2019 Flashcards
Intra-cardiac shunt detection in horse:
Dopple echocardiography
Equine gastric ulcer treatment:
H2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitor, sucralfate
Intestinal motilisers for horses (prokinetics):
Xylazine, neostigmine
Secretolytics for horses:
Acetylcysteine, bromhexine
Oesophageal obturation in horse. Most common complication due to:
Aspiration pneumonia
Stomatitis of horses – Viral and fungal origin – Which statement is NOT true?
A) Can be cause by Apthovirus, Herpes virus, Trichophyton, Mentagrophytes
B) Can be caused by Vesiculo virus, Candida albicans
C) Can be caused by Vesiculo virus, Stachybotris atra
D) Can be caused by Vesiculo virus, Candidiosis, Stachybotry toxicosis
A) Can be cause by Apthovirus, Herpes virus, Trichophyton, Mentagrophytes
Common complication of bacterial endocarditis in horses:
Disseminated purulent nephritis
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia – Diagnosis:
Grade 3 – Asynchronous movement, no complete opening
General therapy in equine hepatic disease:
Diet restricted in protein, glucose IC, insulin, B vitamins, anti-oxidants
Laxatives for horses:
Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate
COPD / RAO drugs – Horse:
Clenbuterol, Atropine, Fluticazon
Hyper-lipaemia of horses – Occurrence, etiology:
Breed predisposition (ponies, miniature horses), pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia
Cause of grass sickness in horse:
Cl. botulinum
Etiology of acute gastric dilation in horses:
Highly fermentable feed + Hard work after feeding
Oesophageal obturation in horse – Prognosis:
Mostly favourable
Facial paralysis – Etiology, horse:
Guttural pouch mycosis, otitis media
Equine motor neurone disease – Cause:
Vitamin E deficiency
EGUS – Clinical signs in foals, which is NOT true:
A) Diarrhoea
B) Colic
C) Fever
D) Salivation
C) Fever
Oesophageal obturation – Treatment in horse:
Oxytocin, Butylscopalmine, Xylazine, Oesophagostomy if other methods of removal fail
Common physiological arrhythmia in horses:
Second degree atrioventricular block
Chorioptes mange affects horses:
Limbs
Bronchodilators for horses in emergency treatment (in RAO / COPD):
Atropin, Ipratopium
Bronchodilators for horses:
Clenbuterol, Albuterol, Aminophylline (Teophylline)
Cleft palate in horses - signs:
Dysphagia, nasal discharge with food particles
Causative agent of Equine proliferative enteropathy:
Lawsonia intracellularis
Guttural pouch mycosis – Signs:
Epistaxis, nasal discharge, dysphagia, laryngeal paralysis, Horner’s syndrome
Polyneuritis in horse – Etiology:
EHV-1, Adenovirus, Streptococcus
The aortic insufficiency of the horse is characterised by:
Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in the left 4th inter-costal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horse
Causes of dysphagia in horse:
e.g. Guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscess, cleft palate
Characteristics of Equine LeukoEncephalomalacia (ELE):
Food contaminated with moulds – Fumonisin B1 toxin; encephalomalacia – Dysphagia, dyskinesis –
Recumbency
Severe acute nephrosis in horse – Combine etiology:
Endotoxeinaemia + Repeated Flunixin meglumine + Dehydration
Common complication of bacterial endocarditis in horses:
Disseminated purulent nephritis
Oesophageal obturation / Most common complications in horse:
Aspiration pneumonia
The aortic insufficiency of the horse is chaarcterized by:
Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in the left, 4th inter-costal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult
horses
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia – Diagnosis:
Grade 3: Asynchronous movement, no complete opening
Secretolytics for horses:
Acetylcysteine, Bromhexine
What causes laminitis in horse? (it’s a short story)
A disease of horses and housed dairy cattle, characterized by damage to the sensitive laminae of the
hooves, and clinically by severe lameness, especially in the front hooves. There is heat and pain at the
coronets and in bad cases protrusion of the third phalanx through the sole of the hoof. Hypoxia at the
corium results in defective keratinization and the production of a laminitic ring with the occurrence of
multiple rings in the hooves of animals with chronic laminitis.
Most cases are caused by severe toxemia, as in engorgement on grain or metritis in the mare, and are
called metabolic laminitis. Sporadic cases in heavily pregnant, overfat mares are referred to as puerperal
laminitis. Some are caused by trauma, such as in pawing due to boredom or in horses transported over
long distances without rest, and are called traumatic laminitis. Called also founder.
Grass sickness in horse:
Young horses on pasture, mainly neurological
Types of stones in horse:
Ca-carbonate in the bladder
Caudal border moved because of:
RAO
Aortic insufficiency in horse - clinical signs:
Strong holodiastolic murmur, in the left 4th inter-costal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horses
Bacterial endocarditis location in horse:
Mitral and Aortic valve
Equine sarcoid - agent:
Main etiological agent is Bovine Papilloma virus (BPV) types 1 and 2
Equine urticaria – Characterisitcs:
Can be casued by inhaled allergens (fungi), rounded wheals on the skin wtihin minutes or hours. Suaully
fast ealing, but it might reoccur.
Equine utricaria – Symptoms:
Wheals / Plaques appear within a few mins / hours after exposure to the causative agent. The skin lesions
are elevated, round, flat-topped, might be slightly depressed in the center. Mainly on back, flanks, neck,
eyelids, legs. Usually lesions disappear after a few hours.
Urolithiasis horse – Type and location:
Calcium carbonate are the main equine uroliths. Commonly located in bladder.
The aortic insufficiency of the horse is characterised by:
Strong holodiastiolic cardiac murmur, in the left, 4th inter-costal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult
horses
Intra-cardiac shunt detection horse:
Doppler echocardiography
Common physiological arrhythmia in horse:
Second degree atrio-ventricular block
Mitral insufficiency in horse – Symptoms:
Holosystolic cardiac murmur in the left 5
th inter-coastal space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, left-heart failure
Features of the equine Herpes virus myeloencephalopathy:
CNS signs usually appear in adult horses after the respiratory signs
Which is a blood sucking louse in horse:
Haematopinus asini
Bronchitis – Pneumonia – Etiology – Obligate pathogenic viruses – Horse:
Equine Herpes virus 1 and 4, Equine Influenza virus-A, African Horse Sickness virus
Facial paralysis – Etiology – Horse:
Guttural pouch mycosis, otitis media
Dysphagia – Causes – Horse:
e.g. Guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscess, cleft palate
Additional diagnostic methods in Equine hepatic diseases:
Ultrasound examination, ultrasound guided biopsy
Herpes virus myeloencephalopathy – Clinical signs – Horse:
Respiratory signs, followed by paraparesis, ataxia, dog-sitting position, recumbency
Etiology of secondary photodermatitis in horses:
Accumulation of phylloerythrin (originated from chlorophyll II) caused by hepatic insufficiency
Oesophageal obturation in horses – Etiology:
Solid pieces of feed (e.g. apple, potato, sugar beet)
Oesophageal obturation in horse – Symptoms:
Oesophageal spasm, retching, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia
Botulism – Etiology – Horse:
Cl. botulinum – Botulinum toxin-contaminated carrion remnants in the feed e.g. rotten silage, exceptionally
Cl. botulinum infected wounds or gastrointestinal tract
Bronchodilators for horses in emergency treatment (in RAO / COPD):
Atropine, Ipratropium
Large colon torsion – Outcome:
Operation can be successful within 8 hours, without surgery: death
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia – Diagnosis
Endoscopy, palpation, ‘slap’ test
Bacterial endocarditis in horses – Complication:
Disseminated, multi-focal, purulent nephritis with renal infarcts
COPD (RAO) / Bronchoalveolar lavage sample:
Neutrophils > 20%
Grading of gastric ulcers - Horse:
0-4
EIPH – Horse – Therapy:
Furosemide
COPD (RAO) – Which statement is NOT true – Horse:
A) Occasionally mild radiographic changes in the lungs: Interstitial, bronchial, peribronchial pattern
B) Thoracic radiography mainly serves for differential diagnostic purposes
C) Bronchiectasia and increased air content sometimes visible on chest X-ray
D) Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: Fibrosis, chronic oedema
D) Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: Fibrosis, chronic oedema
Treatment of laryngeal oedema – Horse:
Clenbuterol, Furosemide, Lidocaine
Cerebral commotion in horses – Prognosis:
Usually favourable
Acute gastric dilatation in horse – Treatment:
Gastric lavage by tubing, spasmolytics, IV fluid and electrolyte replacement, Flunixin meglumine
Pathophysiology of post-exercise myopathy (myoglobinuria paralytica) in horse:
Muscular glycogen ↑ - Local lactic acid ↑ - Vasoconstriction due to hypoxaemia – Zenker type myopathy
– Muscular paralysis + Myoglobinuria
How can we treat pleuropneumonia in horses?
Anti-microbial therapy, Flunixin meglumine, thoracic drainage
Equine Herpes virus myeloencephalopathy. Which statement is NOT true?
A) It is caused by EHV-2 on immune-mediated basis, due to Type 3 hyper-sensitisation
B) It is caused by EHV-1 or sometimes by EHV-4 on an immune-mediated basis, due to Type 3 hypersensitisation
C) The symptoms can be seen in horses vaccinated against EHV because of immune-complex based
vasculitis
D) In foals neurologic signs are less frequent
A) It is caused by EHV-2 on immune-mediated basis, due to Type 3 hyper-sensitisation
West Nile virus encephalomyelitis - Occurence:
Occurrence between April and July
Pleuropneumonia – Horse – Predisposing factor (Environment):
Long distance transport
Neonatal pharyngeal weakness – Foal - Physiological?
Physiological up to 2-4 weeks of age
Tracheal collapse in horses – Occurrence (who are susceptible):
Ponies, miniature horses
Right dorsal colitis is associated with the use of:
a) Antibiotics
b) Certain Anthelmintics
c) Corticosteroids
d) NSAIDs
?
Acute proximal enteritis – Treatment in horse:
Gastric decompression by tubing, spasmolytics, IV fluid and electrolyte replacement, Flunixin meglumine
Acute proximal enteritis – Clinical signs in horse:
Colic – Depression, poor general status, reflux, distended small intestinal loops on the US
Ethmoid hematoma surgery – Which is NOT true?
a) Dimethyl-sulfoxide injection
b) Formalin injection
c) Laser surgery
d) Surgical removal
a) Dimethyl-sulfoxide injection
Ethmoid hematoma – Cause (one of the causes):
Angiomatous tissue over-growth
Occurrence and etiology of post-exercise myopathy in horse:
In well-fed draft horses, after 2-3 days rest and during heavy exercise
Causes of paralytic ileus:
Enteritis, peritonitis, abdominal surgery (post-operative stage)
Causes of mechanical ileus – Horse:
a) Enterospasms, intestinal obstruction, pregnancy colic
b) Intestinal obturation, intestinal compression, intestinal torsion
c) Organophosphate toxicosis, intestinal torsion, intestinal obturation
d) Neoplasia, abscess, smalls strongyles
?
Pathomechanism of colic. What is NOT typical?
A) Hypovolemia
B) Hyperthermia
C) Endotoxemia
D) Disseminated Intra-vascular Coagulopathy
B) Hyperthermia
Acute primary gastric dilation in horse - Treatment:
Gastric lavage followed by Flunixin
Small strongyles causes:
Intussusception
Pathophysiology of colic:
Protein under 2.5 and cell count between 5,000 – 10,000
Which disease most resembles rabies in horses?
Equine LeukoEncephalomalacia (ELE)
Atropine toxicosis – Horse – Treatment:
Pilocarpine
Which statement describes sycosis in horses?
Folliculitis of the long hair follicles on the hock, dorsal margin of the neck and on the root of the tail
COPD (RAO) - What is it?
Allergic disease (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
IAD diagnosis:
Endoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage
IAD treatment:
Steroid
Cerebral commotion in horses – Consequences:
Recumbency, bleeding from the nostrils and from the ears
Which is true?
A) Lymphoid hyper-plasia typically effects young horses
B) Left laryngeal hemiplegia – Any breed
C) Tracheal collapse - Ponies more common
D) Guttural pouch tympany – Physiological in young horses
A) Lymphoid hyper-plasia typically effects young horses ?
Physiological values of blood bicarbonate in horses:
20 – 25 mmol/L (25 – 35 mmol/L on the sheet)
Cause of EIPH:
(Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage)
Genetic disorder
Atrial fibrillation in horse - Drug:
Quinidine sulphate
