past paper questions foundation

Question 1

How is HIV spread from one person to another person?

Answer 1

sexual intercourse

Question 2

What could cause a decrease in the number of new HIV cases in the future?

Answer 2

Better education on how to prevent the spread of HIV

Question 3

Scientists have been working to produce a vaccine for HIV for many years.
How could a vaccine work to prevent a person being infected with HIV?
Write the stages A, B, C, D and E in the correct order.
The first stage has been completed for you.
A- Antibodies attach to the inactive virus.
B- Antibodies destroy the inactive virus.
C- An inactive form of the virus is injected into the body.
D- If the active virus enters the body, antibodies are produced quickly.
E- White blood cells produce antibodies to the inactive virus.

C—-______—–______—–______—–______

Answer 3

(C)—-E—–A—–B—–D

Question 4

When scientists produce a vaccine for a disease the vaccine is tested on live animals.
What is the next stage in testing the vaccine?

Answer 4

Testing on healthy volunteers

Question 5

A vaccine for HIV is important because it is difficult to develop safe drugs to
destroy viruses.
Why is it difficult to develop safe drugs to destroy viruses?

Answer 5

drugs that destroy viruses also
damage body tissues

Question 6

Where did digitalis originate from?

Answer 6

Foxglove

Question 7

Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.
Complete the sentence.
Before mitosis occurs, the cell____________.

Answer 7

grows

Question 8

Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.
Complete the sentence.
The genetic material in the cell doubles when the DNA _____________________ .

Answer 8

Replicates

Question 9

Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.
Complete the sentence.
After the chromosomes have been pulled to each end of the cell, the
cytoplasm _________________________.

Answer 9

divides

Question 10

Which stage of the cell cycle takes the most time?

Answer 10

Interphase

Question 10

Which organ system contains heart cells?

Answer 10

circulatory system

Question 11

Name one medical condition that could be treated using heart cells created from
an embryo.

Answer 11

cardiovascular disease / CVD

Question 12

Give one reason why a patient may not want to be treated with heart cells created from an embryo.

Answer 12

• unethical
• (against) religious / cultural /
  personal beliefs
• the method is not (fully) tested
• risk of infection
• (heart cells) may be rejected

Question 13

A scientist investigated the rate of photosynthesis of one type of tomato plant.
The tomato plants were grown in a greenhouse.
Give two control variables the scientist should have used in the investigation.

Answer 13

temperature
* size of tomato plants or size /
number of leaves
* light
* (volume of) water
* (amount / type of) fertiliser /
minerals / ions / nutrients
(given to plants)
* time before rate readings are
taken

Question 14

Which range of carbon dioxide concentrations caused the rate of photosynthesis to
change the most?

Answer 14

rom 0.02% to 0.04%

Question 15

How could the scientist have improved the validity of the results?

Answer 15

Repeat each reading three times
and calculate a mean (if it is a table)

Question 16

Explain the change in the rate of photosynthesis when the concentration of
carbon dioxide increased between 0.00% to 0.08%

Answer 16

(the rate of photosynthesis)
increases
(because) carbon dioxide is
needed for photosynthesis

Question 17

A farmer decided not to use a concentration of carbon dioxide higher than 0.08%
to grow tomato plants.
Suggest two reasons for the farmer’s decision.
Use information from Table 2 and your own knowledge.

Answer 17

• it would not increase the rate
  (of photosynthesis)
• it would not increase the
  growth of tomatoes
• it would cost more

Question 18

coarse focus knob and the fine focus knob of a microscope

Answer 18

To adjust the focus of the microscope

Question 19

Eyepiece of a microscope

Answer 19

To direct light into the viewer’s eye

Question 20

Stage clips of a microscope

Answer 20

To hold a slide in place

Question 21

Objective lenses of a microscope

Answer 21

To magnify the image of a specimen

Question 22

Base & arm of a microscope

Answer 22

To support the microscope

Question 23

A student prepared some onion cells.
The student viewed the onion cells using a microscope.
This is the method used.
1. Cut an onion into pieces using a sharp knife.
2. Peel off a thin layer of cells from one piece.
3. Place the layer of cells onto a microscope slide.
4. Add three drops of iodine solution to the layer of cells.
5. Cover with a cover slip.
6. Place the slide on the stage of the microscope.
Why was iodine solution added to the layer of onion cells?

Answer 23

to stain the cells

Question 24

A student prepared some onion cells. The student viewed the onion cells using a microscope. This is the method used. 1. Cut an onion into pieces using a sharp knife. 2. Peel off a thin layer of cells from one piece. 3. Place the layer of cells onto a microscope slide. 4. Add three drops of iodine solution to the layer of cells. 5. Cover with a cover slip. 6. Place the slide on the stage of the microscope. Why was a thin layer of onion cells used?

Answer 24

to allow light to pass through the cells

Question 25

Calculate the real length of cell

Answer 25

1. Total Magnification=Magnification of Objective Lens × Magnification of Eyepiece 2. Real Length of the Cell= Measured Length of the Cell Image / Total Magnification​

Question 26

How would onion cells look different if they were seen using an electron microscope?

Answer 26

the cells would look larger the cells would show more internal structures

Question 27

Plants take up water from the soil through their roots. Some of the water is used for photosynthesis. Complete the word equation for photosynthesis

Answer 27

carbon dioxide + water → oxygen + glucose

Question 28

Water moves from the roots to the leaves in the __________ .

Answer 28

Xylem

Question 29

Water is lost from leaves through pores called __________.

Answer 29

Stomata

Question 30

Dissolved sugars are transported in the _________.

Answer 30

Phloem

Question 31

how do you calculate the rate of respiration? 1. Oxygen Consumption Method

Answer 31

Rate of Respiration= Time / Volume of Oxygen Consumed

Question 32

how do you calculate the rate of respiration? 2. Carbon Dioxide Production Method

Answer 32

Rate of Respiration= Time / Volume of Carbon Dioxide Produced

Question 33

how do you calculate the rate of respiration? 3. Energy Release Method

Answer 33

Rate of Respiration= Time / Energy Released

Question 34

Which environmental change would cause an increase in the rate of transpiration?

Answer 34

increased temperature

Question 35

Some plants have adaptations that help them survive. Figure 6 shows part of a gorse plant. How will the sharp spines help the gorse plant survive?

Answer 35

(spines) stop the plant being eaten or (spines) prevent animals damaging the plant

Question 36

Animals also have adaptations to help them survive. Hornets are insects that sting other animals and cause pain. Hornet moths do not sting other animals. Explain why animals avoid eating the hornet moth.

Answer 36

it looks like the hornet (so) animals avoid the risk of being stung

Question 37

Name one other substance that enters cells by diffusion. Do not refer to oxygen in your answer.

Answer 37

* carbon dioxide * glucose / sugar * water * ions / minerals / salts

Question 38

Suggest two factors that affect the rate of diffusion of oxygen into a jellyfish

Answer 38

* concentration gradient * surface area * thickness of exchange surface * presence of a blood / circulatory system * temperature

Question 39

Some organisms take in oxygen using a respiratory system. In humans, gas exchange takes place in the lungs. Name the organs where gas exchange takes place in fish

Answer 39

Gills

Question 40

Explain how the human breathing system is adapted to maximise the rate of gas exchange.

Answer 40

* large number of alveoli * large surface / area * alveolus and blood vessel / capillary are in close proximity * alveoli / capillaries have thin walls or alveoli / capillaries have walls that are one cell thick * to reduce diffusion distance * has a good blood supply or has a capillary network

Question 41

What is the function of chloroplasts

Answer 41

Photosynthesis

Question 42

Name one type of cell in a potato plant that does not contain chloroplasts

Answer 42

Root (hair)

Question 43

Which disease is caused by a fungus?

Answer 43

rose black spot

Question 44

A fungal cell divides once every 90 minutes. How many times would this fungal cell divide in 24 hours?

Answer 44

24/1.5 =16

Question 45

Where is protein digested in the human digestive system?

Answer 45

Stomach

Question 46

Which chemical could be used to test if the burgers contain protein?

Answer 46

Biuret reagent