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past paper questions foundation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is HIV spread from one person to another person?

A

sexual intercourse

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2
Q

What could cause a decrease in the number of new HIV cases in the future?

A

Better education on how to prevent the spread of HIV

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3
Q

Scientists have been working to produce a vaccine for HIV for many years.
How could a vaccine work to prevent a person being infected with HIV?
Write the stages A, B, C, D and E in the correct order.
The first stage has been completed for you.
A- Antibodies attach to the inactive virus.
B- Antibodies destroy the inactive virus.
C- An inactive form of the virus is injected into the body.
D- If the active virus enters the body, antibodies are produced quickly.
E- White blood cells produce antibodies to the inactive virus.

C—-______—–______—–______—–______

A

(C)—-E—–A—–B—–D

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4
Q

When scientists produce a vaccine for a disease the vaccine is tested on live animals.
What is the next stage in testing the vaccine?

A

Testing on healthy volunteers

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5
Q

A vaccine for HIV is important because it is difficult to develop safe drugs to
destroy viruses.
Why is it difficult to develop safe drugs to destroy viruses?

A

drugs that destroy viruses also
damage body tissues

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6
Q

Where did digitalis originate from?

A

Foxglove

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7
Q

Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.
Complete the sentence.
Before mitosis occurs, the cell____________.

A

grows

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8
Q

Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.
Complete the sentence.
The genetic material in the cell doubles when the DNA _____________________ .

A

Replicates

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9
Q

Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.
Complete the sentence.
After the chromosomes have been pulled to each end of the cell, the
cytoplasm _________________________.

A

divides

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10
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle takes the most time?

A

Interphase

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10
Q

Which organ system contains heart cells?

A

circulatory system

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11
Q

Name one medical condition that could be treated using heart cells created from
an embryo.

A

cardiovascular disease / CVD

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12
Q

Give one reason why a patient may not want to be treated with heart cells created from an embryo.

A
  • unethical
  • (against) religious / cultural /
    personal beliefs
  • the method is not (fully) tested
  • risk of infection
  • (heart cells) may be rejected
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13
Q

A scientist investigated the rate of photosynthesis of one type of tomato plant.
The tomato plants were grown in a greenhouse.
Give two control variables the scientist should have used in the investigation.

A

temperature
* size of tomato plants or size /
number of leaves
* light
* (volume of) water
* (amount / type of) fertiliser /
minerals / ions / nutrients
(given to plants)
* time before rate readings are
taken

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14
Q

Which range of carbon dioxide concentrations caused the rate of photosynthesis to
change the most?

A

rom 0.02% to 0.04%

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15
Q

How could the scientist have improved the validity of the results?

A

Repeat each reading three times
and calculate a mean (if it is a table)

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16
Q

Explain the change in the rate of photosynthesis when the concentration of
carbon dioxide increased between 0.00% to 0.08%

A

(the rate of photosynthesis)
increases
(because) carbon dioxide is
needed for photosynthesis

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17
Q

A farmer decided not to use a concentration of carbon dioxide higher than 0.08%
to grow tomato plants.
Suggest two reasons for the farmer’s decision.
Use information from Table 2 and your own knowledge.

A
  • it would not increase the rate
    (of photosynthesis)
  • it would not increase the
    growth of tomatoes
  • it would cost more
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18
Q

coarse focus knob and the fine focus knob of a microscope

A

To adjust the focus of the microscope

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19
Q

Eyepiece of a microscope

A

To direct light into the viewer’s eye

20
Q

Stage clips of a microscope

A

To hold a slide in place

21
Q

Objective lenses of a microscope

A

To magnify the image of a specimen

22
Q

Base & arm of a microscope

A

To support the microscope

23
Q

A student prepared some onion cells.
The student viewed the onion cells using a microscope.
This is the method used.
1. Cut an onion into pieces using a sharp knife.
2. Peel off a thin layer of cells from one piece.
3. Place the layer of cells onto a microscope slide.
4. Add three drops of iodine solution to the layer of cells.
5. Cover with a cover slip.
6. Place the slide on the stage of the microscope.
Why was iodine solution added to the layer of onion cells?

A

to stain the cells

24
Q

A student prepared some onion cells.
The student viewed the onion cells using a microscope.
This is the method used.
1. Cut an onion into pieces using a sharp knife.
2. Peel off a thin layer of cells from one piece.
3. Place the layer of cells onto a microscope slide.
4. Add three drops of iodine solution to the layer of cells.
5. Cover with a cover slip.
6. Place the slide on the stage of the microscope.
Why was a thin layer of onion cells used?

A

to allow light to pass through the
cells

25
Q

Calculate the real length of cell

A
  1. TotalMagnification=MagnificationofObjectiveLens × MagnificationofEyepiece
  2. RealLengthoftheCell= MeasuredLengthoftheCellImage / TotalMagnification​
26
Q

How would onion cells look different if they were seen using an electron microscope?

A

the cells would look larger
the cells would show more
internal structures

27
Q

Plants take up water from the soil through their roots.
Some of the water is used for photosynthesis.
Complete the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water → oxygen + glucose

28
Q

Water moves from the roots to the leaves in the __________ .

A

Xylem

29
Q

Water is lost from leaves through pores called __________.

A

Stomata

30
Q

Dissolved sugars are transported in the _________.

A

Phloem

31
Q

how do you calculate the rate of respiration?

  1. Oxygen Consumption Method
A

RateofRespiration=
Time / VolumeofOxygenConsumed

32
Q

how do you calculate the rate of respiration?

  1. Carbon Dioxide Production Method
A

RateofRespiration=
Time / VolumeofCarbonDioxideProduced

33
Q

how do you calculate the rate of respiration?

  1. Energy Release Method
A

RateofRespiration=
Time / EnergyReleased

34
Q

Which environmental change would cause an increase in the rate of transpiration?

A

increased temperature

35
Q

Some plants have adaptations that help them survive.
Figure 6 shows part of a gorse plant.
How will the sharp spines help the gorse plant survive?

A

(spines) stop the plant being
eaten
or
(spines) prevent animals
damaging the plant

36
Q

Animals also have adaptations to help them survive.
Hornets are insects that sting other animals and cause pain.
Hornet moths do not sting other animals.
Explain why animals avoid eating the hornet moth.

A

it looks like the hornet
(so) animals avoid the risk of
being stung

37
Q

Name one other substance that enters cells by diffusion.
Do not refer to oxygen in your answer.

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • glucose / sugar
  • water
  • ions / minerals / salts
38
Q

Suggest two factors that affect the rate of diffusion of oxygen into a jellyfish

A
  • concentration gradient
  • surface area
  • thickness of exchange
    surface
  • presence of a blood /
    circulatory system
  • temperature
39
Q

Some organisms take in oxygen using a respiratory system.
In humans, gas exchange takes place in the lungs.
Name the organs where gas exchange takes place in fish

A

Gills

40
Q

Explain how the human breathing system is adapted to maximise the rate of gas exchange.

A
  • large number of alveoli
  • large surface / area
  • alveolus and blood vessel / capillary are in close proximity
  • alveoli / capillaries have thin walls or alveoli / capillaries have
    walls that are one cell thick
  • to reduce diffusion distance
  • has a good blood supply or has a capillary network
41
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis

42
Q

Name one type of cell in a potato plant that does not contain chloroplasts

A

Root (hair)

43
Q

Which disease is caused by a fungus?

A

rose black spot

44
Q

A fungal cell divides once every 90 minutes.
How many times would this fungal cell divide in 24 hours?

A

24/1.5 =16

45
Q

Where is protein digested in the human digestive system?

A

Stomach

46
Q

Which chemical could be used to test if the burgers contain protein?

A

Biuret reagent

47
Q
A

biology (4 decks)

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