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SCIENTIFIC REASONING > PAST PAPER Qs > Flashcards

PAST PAPER Qs Flashcards

1
Q

The Role of the Research Ethics Committee (REC) is all except:

A

Provision of financial audit and financial sanctions for research organisation

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2
Q

What do the “The three Rs” approach include?

A
  • Replacement
  • Reduction
  • Refinement
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3
Q

In the “Three Rs” approach what does Replacement stand for?

A

The use of methods that permit a given scientific purpose to be achieved without conducting experiments or other scientific procedures on living animals

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4
Q

In the “Three Rs” approach what does Reduction stand for?

A

The use of fewer animals in each experiment without compromising scientific output and the quality pf biomedical research and testing and without compromising animal welfare

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5
Q

What is the most protected species in the case of animal experimental models?

A

Great apes

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6
Q

What are the International regulations to ensure Human Biomedical Research Ethics?

A
  • Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (WMA)
  • Oviedo Convention of the Council of Europe and its additional protocol on biomedical research
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7
Q

What is one of the main principles of Human Biomedical Research Ethics?

A

The potential harm to research participants should be minimised

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8
Q

According to Eight general rules for Good research, researchers should:

A
  • Openly report methods and results
  • Not conduct research in a way that could harm other people
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9
Q

What does Consequentialism state?

A

Goodness is primary and is defined as the right act that maximises goodness

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10
Q

What does Virtue ethics state?

A

It is possible to identify the set of character traits and motives that a morally good person should possess

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11
Q

Self-plagiarism is not a blatant form of scientific misconduct but should be avoided anyway (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

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12
Q

When using the Boolean operator AND (e.g disease A AND B), what will the result show?

A

Only those articles which contain information about both disease A and disease B

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13
Q

The basic components of the ethical standards of study are all except
a) proportionate risk
b) prospective cohort nature of the study
c) the integrity of the design
d) informed consent

A

b) prospective cohort nature of the study

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14
Q

When using the Boolean operator OR (e.g disease A OR disease B), what will the result show?

A

All articles that contain information about either disease A, disease B or both

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15
Q

Factors affecting the study regarding time include all, except:
a) Time involved in administering the intervention
b) Expenses for field workers
c) Time involved in assessing the outcome
d) Time involved in collecting data on inputs

A

b) Expenses for field workers

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16
Q

Mark the correct statement about randomised controlled trial:
a) Is a retrospective study by its nature
b) Can draw conclusions about cause relationships
c) Collects all data at a set point in time
d) All are correct

A

d) All are correct

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17
Q

What patient characteristic is most likely to be defined as an inclusion criterion?

A

Ilicit drug use

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18
Q

Define a clinical trial protocol

A

Has a structure and organisation made up of elements that follow the conception, development and conduct of a clinical trial in a chronological fashion

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19
Q

The research problem can be originated:
a) From observations collected in conjunction with medical procedures
b) From practical issues that clinicians confront in managing patients which mandate data-driven decisions
c) From published scientific literature
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

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20
Q

What should a research design include?

A
  • The study design and logistical arrangements
  • The measurement procedures and the sampling strategy
  • The frame of analysis and timeframe
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21
Q

Describe Phase I Trials

A

Are used to study toxicity and side effects and identify a maximum tolerated dose

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22
Q

What is the correct statement about Phase II Trials?
a) Conducted in small groups of healthy volunteers
b) Relatively small samples of patients are used to study dose response
c) Larger randomised controlled trial that compare efficacies of two or more different treatments

A

b) Relatively small samples of patients are used to study dose response

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23
Q

What patient characteristic is most likely to be defined as exclusion criterion?

A

Severe cognitive disability

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24
Q

The basic elements of informed consent form are all except
a) What alternative treatments are available
b) Name and surname of the principal investigator
c) Description of the study
d) Assurance that the patient will be given the best available treatment for his/her

A

b) Name and surname of the principal investigator

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25
Q

What are the basic components of Ethical Standards of study?

A
  • Proportionate risk
  • Informed consent
  • Role reversal
26
Q

When using the Boolean operator NOT (e.g disease A NOT disease B), the result will show:

A

Articles which contain information only about disease A, but not B

27
Q

Factors affecting the feasibility of the study regarding resources include all, except:
a) Costs of measurement procedures
b) Cost of intervention
c) The time involved in assessing the outcome
d) Costs of equipment, supplies and travel

A

c) The time involved in assessing the outcome

28
Q

All are examples of Probability sampling, except:
a) A systematic sample
b) Convenience sample
c) Stratified random sample
d) Cluster sample

A

a) A systematic sample

29
Q

A researcher would like to detect the causal relationship between risk factor A and disease B. What is the best study design?

A

Prospective Cohort study

Explanation: A prospective cohort study is a type of observational study focused on following a group of people (called a cohort) over a period of time, collecting data on their exposure to a factor of interest.

30
Q

A researcher would like to detect the association between possible risk factors in the past with a rare disease B. What is the best study design?

A

Case-control study

Explanation: A case-control study is designed to help determine if an exposure is associated with an outcome

31
Q

All are examples of non-probability sampling except:
a) Simple random sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Purposive sampling
d) Snowball/chain sampling

A

a) Simple random sampling

32
Q

All are examples of non-probability sampling except:
a) Simple random sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Purposive sampling
d) Snowball/chain sampling

A

a) Simple random sampling

33
Q

A researcher would like to detect the association between several possible risk factors and several outcomes (diseases). What is the best study design?

A

Cross-sectional study

Explanation: A cross-sectional study is a type of research design in which you collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time

34
Q

All are examples of non-probability sampling except:
a) Cluster sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Purposive sampling
d) Snowball/chain sampling

A

a) Cluster sampling

35
Q

What is not part of a clinical protocol?

A

Report of financial audit of the sponsor organisation

36
Q

What should be part of the clinical trial protocol?
a) Target population
b) Justification of sample size
c) Ethical issues
d) All of above

A

d) All of above

37
Q

What should be part of clinical trial protocol?
a) Patient follow-up, handling of dropouts
b) Efficacy variables
c) Planned statistical analysis
d) All of above

A

d) All of above

38
Q

Which animal models are not protected in experimental studies?

A

Intervertebrates

39
Q

Describe Phase 3 Trials

A

A larger randomised controlled trial that compares the efficacies of 2 or more different treatments

40
Q

The three main principles of Human Biomedical Research Ethics are all except:
a) The potential harm to research participants should be minimised
b) All participants should receive financial incentives for participation
c) Participation should be voluntary and based on adequate understanding of the project
d) Participants should have an absolute right to withdraw from study

A

b) All participants should receive financial incentives for participation

41
Q

What statement best characterises a Case-control study?

A

Inexpensive, reasonably rapid and suited to rare diseases

42
Q

What statement best characterises a Cross-sectional study?

A

Has no dimension on time, so they cannot support conclusions on the risk of disease nor on causal relationships

43
Q

In __________ studies, First risk factors are identified and then subjects are followed up to detect occurrence of disease

A

Cohort

44
Q

In __________ studies and __________ studies, First we identify subjects with a particular disorder and then we have to identify exposure to risk factors in the past

A

Case-control & Cross-sectional

45
Q

When does Recall bias occur?

A

When one of the groups recalls exposure to the risk factor more accurately than the other group

46
Q

In the City with 2000000 inhabitants, 800 new cases of disease A were revealed during 2 years of observation. The incidence of disease A is:

A

2 cases per 10 000 inhabitants per year

47
Q

In the city with 1000000 inhabitants, 500 new and 1500 diagnosed cases of disease A were revealed during 6 months of observation

A

Incidence of the disease A is 10 per 10000 inhabitants per year

48
Q

In 2007 there were 5000 death cases in the city with population of 2.5 million, Crude death rate is:

A

2 Death cases per 10000 inhabitants per year

49
Q

In 2007-2008, there were 6000 death cases in the city with population of 3000000, Crude death rate is:

A

1 Death cases per 1000 inhabitants per year

50
Q

Define 1st Quartile

A

Divides ranked distribution to 25% and 75%

51
Q

In the case of meta-analysis ___________________

A

Sample size increases

52
Q

What is the most appropriate way to summarise the results of meta-analysis?

A

Forrest plot

53
Q

Prospective cohort study can draw conclusions about causal relationships (TRUE/FALSE)

A

TRUE

54
Q

What are the procedures to calculate standard deviation of the distributions?

A

To take the square root of the variance

55
Q

What are the procedures to calculate IQR of the distributions?

A

To cut off the top and bottom 25% of scores and calculate the range of the middle 50% of scores

56
Q

Characteristics of normal distribution
a) Bell shape
b) Symmetrical
c) Skewed positively and negatively
d) A and B

A

d) A and B

57
Q

What question should answer the introduction section of scientific article?

A

What do the findings mean?

58
Q

What question should answer the Results section of scientific article?

A

What was found

59
Q

What is Snowball sampling/Chain-referral sampling?

A

Snowball sampling or chain-referral sampling is defined as a non-probability sampling technique in which the samples have rare traits. This is a sampling technique, in which existing subjects provide referrals to recruit samples required for a research study

60
Q

What is Cluster sampling?

A

a probability sampling method in which you divide a population into clusters, such as districts or schools, and then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample

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