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Statistics for Psychology > Past Exam Short MCQ Questions > Flashcards

Past Exam Short MCQ Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

In an unrelated t-test:

A) independent variable is the answer
B) dependent variable Is the score
C) independent variable is the score
D) the control variable is the score

A

a) The dependent variable is the scores

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2
Q

In which of the following cases could you use a paired sample t-test:

a. When comparing two separate groups
b. When comparing men and women’s scores
c. When assessing three groups or more
d. When comparing the same participants performance before and after training

A

d) when comparing the same participants performance before and after training

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3
Q

The criterion variable is:

A) the outcome that is being predicted in an analysis

B) represented on the x-axis

C) represented on the horizontal axis

D) the variable that is used to make predictions

A

A) the outcome that is being predicted in an analysis

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4
Q

If there is a probability of 5% in how many cases would a result arise solely due to chance?

A) 50/100
B) 5/10
C) 5/100
D) 0.5

A

C) 5/100

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5
Q

The predictor variable is:

A) the known variable

B) the vertical axis

C) the outcome that is being predicted in an analysis

D) the y-variable

A

A) the known variable

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6
Q

A researcher was interested in stress levels of lectures. She took the same group of 8 lecturers and measured their anxiety (out of 15) during a normal lecture and again in a lecture in which she had paid students to be disruptive and misbehave. What test is best used to compare the mean level of anxiety in the two lectures?

A. Independent samples t-test
B. Paired-samples t-test
C. One-way independent ANOVA
D. Mann-Whitney test

A

B) Paired samples test

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7
Q

How can the chance of committing a type I error be reduced when performing multiple comparisons?

A) Transform the data using a square root

B) Check for homogeneity and normal distribution

C) Apply Bonferroni correction to adopt a more stringent significant criterion or use more appropriate tests for multiple comparisons

D) Remove outliers

A

C) Apply Bonferroni correction to adopt a more stringent significant criterion or use more appropriate tests for multiple comparisons

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8
Q

Analysis of variance for correlated scores compared to the unrelated analysis of variance is most like:

A) the related t-test compared with the unrelated t-test
B) the unrelated t-test
C) the related t-test compared with ANOVA
D) ANOVA

A

A) the related t-test compared with the unrelated t-test

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9
Q

Which of the following is true?

A) There is a version of related t-test which can be used if variance of the two sets of scores are not equal
B) ANOVA can be used instead of unrelated t-test for two sets of scores
C) There is no version of unrelated t-test which can be used instead of variance
D) There is a version of the unrelated t-test which can be used if the variance of the two sets of scores are not equal

A

D) There is a version of the unrelated t-test which can be used if the variance of the two sets of scores are not equal

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10
Q

When reporting a Pearson product moment in APA format what letter do you use to indicate which test you used?

A) P
B) F
C) X
D) R

A

D) The letter would be R

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11
Q

Regression:

A) is exactly the same as the correlation coefficient

B) the predictor variable

C) Can be used on the same data as the correlation coefficient

D) should be sued when you fail to find a significant correlation

A

C) Can be used on the same data as the correlation coefficient

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12
Q

The Chi-square statistics is based on:

A) only observed frequency

B) The differences between the observed and expected frequencies

C) the product of the observed and expected frequency

D) only the expected frequency

A

B) The differences between the observed and expected frequencies

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13
Q

Which of these points reflect the assumption of multicollinearity?

A) An independent variable cannot be a combination of other independent variables

B) Data must be normally distributed and not skewed

C) There must not be any extreme scores in the data set

D) The relationship between your independent variables must not be above r = 0.9

E) None of these

F)The variance across your variables must be equal

A

D) The relationship between your DV must not be above r=.90

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14
Q

A person test statistic of .876 with a significant level of p

A

C) That would suggest that there is a significant strong positive relationship

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15
Q

What must a Levenes test test in order to use ANOVA?

A) significant at or above p>.05
B) non-significant at or above p>.05
C) non-significant at or above p

A

B) non-significant at or above p>.05

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16
Q

The unrelated t-tests feasible:

A) When you have just one set of scores
B) When you have zero set of scores
C) when you have 2 or more sets of scores
D) when you have over 3 sets of scores

A

A) When you have just one set of scores

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17
Q

What would you use to determine the significant differences were observed all levels of your independent variable?

A) Post Hoc tests
B) one way ANOVA
C) related t-test
D) un-related t-test

A

A) Post Hoc Tests

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18
Q

Which of the following formats is correct for reporting ANOVA in APA?

A) F(17,24) = 235.98, p=.02
B) P(17,24) = 235.98, p=.02
C) A(17,24) = 235.98, p=.02
D) D(17,24) = 235.98, p=.02

A

A) F(17,24) = 235.98, p=.02

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19
Q

The correlation coefficient can be any numerical value between:

A) -1 and 0
B) 0 and 1
C) -1 and 1
D) -0.1 and 0.1

A

C) -1 and 1

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20
Q

What do ANOVA calculate?

A) p-value
B) f-value
C) f-ratio
D) p-ratio

A

C) F ratios

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21
Q

A correlation of .8 was found between time spent and percentage on exam. What is the proportion variance (R2) that can be explained by time spent studying?

A)
B)
C)
D)

A

64

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22
Q

What must you include when reporting an ANOVA?

A) f-value
B) degrees of freedom
C) p-value
D) all of these

A

D) all of these

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23
Q

What does a Pearsons product moment allow you to identify?

A) Whether there is a significant effect and interaction of dependent variables

B) Whether there is a significant effect and interaction of independent variables

C) Whether there is a significant difference between groups

D) Whether there is a relationship between variables

A

D) Whether there is a relationship between the variables

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24
Q

The slope of regression line:

A) only negative
B) only positive
C) may be positive or negative
D) horizontal only

A

C) may be positive or negative

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25
Q

The analysis of variance assumes that:

A) similarities between conditions are due to the affect of all the DV
B) similarities between conditions are due to the affect of all the IV
C) differences between conditions are due to the affect of all the DV
D) Differences between conditions are due to the effect of all the IV

A

D) Differences between conditions are due to the effect of all the IV

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26
Q

Within a college course, a ___ error occurs if an instructor decided a student ___ when he/she is in fact ____

A) type I error; has cheated; did not cheat

B) type II error; has cheated; did cheat

C) Type I error; has cheated; did not cheat

D) type I error; has not cheated; did not cheat

A

A) type I error; has cheated; did not cheat

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27
Q

Which of the following formats is correct for reporting an independent samples t-test in APA format?

a) F (17, 24) = 235.98, p < .05
b) t(34) = -.478, p < .001.
c) r(18) = +.987, p = .06
d) N = 22, P = .001, T = 1.489

A

b) t(34) = -.478, p < .001.

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28
Q

A researcher measured people’s physiological reactions to horror films. He split the data into two groups: males and females. The resulting data were normally distributed and men and women had equal variances. What test should be used to analyse the data?

a) Paired samples t-test
b) Independent t-test
c) Mann–Whitney test
d) Wilcoxon signed-rank test

A

b)Independent t-test

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29
Q

A correlation of .7 was found between time spent studying and percentage on an exam. What is the proportion of variance in exam scores (R2) that can be explained by time spent studying?

A) .70
B) .49
C) .30
D) .7

A

B) .49

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30
Q

Chi-square is used on:

a) None of these
b) Ranks
c) Scores
d) frequencies

A

d)frequencies

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31
Q

Analysis of variance for correlated scores compared to the unrelated analysis of variance is most like:

a) the related t-test compared with the unrelated t-test.
b) Pearson correlation compared with Spearman correlation.
c) The Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test compared with the Mann–Whitney U-test.
d) none of these.

A

a)the related t-test compared with the unrelated t-test.

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32
Q

What does a Pearson’s product-moment allow you to identify?

a) Whether there is a significant effect and interaction of dependent variables
b) Whether there is a significant effect and interaction of independent variables
c) Whether there is a relationship between variables
d) Whether there is a significant difference between groups

A

c) Whether there is a relationship between variables

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33
Q

Chi-square is typically expressed as:

a) X^1
b) Xy
c) Y2
d) X^2

A

d) X^2

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34
Q

If Pearson’s correlation coefficient between stress level and workload is .8, how much variance in stress level is not accounted for by workload?

a) 20%
b) 2%
c) 8%
d) 36%

A

d) 36%

35
Q

A researcher tested 40 adults. Each adult had to rate their mood after listening to a tape of people being sick, and then again after a tape of people laughing. What experimental design has been used?

a) A matched design
b) A repeated-measures design
c) A mixed design
d) A between-subjects design

A

b)A repeated-measures design

36
Q

A researcher asked 933 people what their favourite type of TV programme was: news, documentary, soap or sports. They could only choose one answer. As such, the researcher counted the number of people who chose each category of programme. How should she analyse these data?

a) t-test
b) One-way analysis of variance
c) Chi-square test
d) Regression

A

c)Chi-square test

37
Q

On which of the following does the critical value for a chi-square statistic rely?

a) The degrees of freedom
b) The sum of the frequencies
c) The row totals
d) The number of variables

A

a)The degrees of freedom

38
Q

For what is the ‘variable view’ in IBM SPSS’s data editor used?

a) Entering data.
b) Writing syntax.
c) Viewing output from data analysis.
d) Defining characteristics of variables.

A

d)Defining characteristics of variables.

39
Q

What does the operation “Recode Into Different Variables” do to the data?

a) Replaces missing data with some random scores
b) Reverses the position of the independent and dependent variable on a graph
c) Redistributes a range of values into a new set of categories and creates a new variable
d) Represents the data in the form of a pie chart

A

c)Redistributes a range of values into a new set of categories and creates a new variable

40
Q

In which sub-dialog box can the Chi Square test be found?

a) Frequencies: Percentages
b) Crosstabs: Statistics
c) Bivariate: Pearson
d) Gender: Female

A

b)Crosstabs: Statistics

41
Q

Ann would also like to explore the relationship between optimism and perceived stress. She suspects that higher levels of optimism would be associated with lower levels of perceived stress.
Identify which statistical technique she could use:

a) Independent t-test
b) Paired t-test
c) Correlation
d) One-way Repeated ANOVA

A

c)Correlation

42
Q

Ann is interested in exploring the possibility of gender differences in levels of perceived stress.
Identify which statistical technique she could use:

a) Independent t-test
b) Paired t-test
c) Correlation
d) Chi-square test

A

a)Independent t-test

43
Q

Ellie conducts a study to find out if there is a significant change in depression levels across three time periods (prior to an intervention, after the intervention and at a three-month follow-up).
Identify which statistical technique she could use:

a) Independent t-test
b) One-way Repeated ANOVA
c) Correlation
d) Chi-square test

A

b)One-way Repeated ANOVA

44
Q

R2 is known as the:

a) Coefficient of determination.
b) Multiple correlation coefficient.
c) Partial correlation coefficient.
d) Semi-partial correlation coefficient.

A

a) Coefficient of determination.

45
Q

The dependent variable may be thought of as the _______, whereas the independent variable is the ______.

a) cause; outcome
b) goal; the way of achieving goal
c) beginning; end
d) effect; cause

A

d) effect; cause

46
Q

The probability of a t-statistic that falls between α=.05 and .01 the critical value is beset reported as

a) p .05
c) p

A

a)p

47
Q

The correlation coefficient:

A) tells you whether the relationship found between variables is likely to a chance finding

B) makes the scatterplot rebundent

C) tells you whether the relationship is significant or not

D) should be interpreted alongside the relevant scatterplot

A

D) should be interpreted alongside the relevant scatterplot

48
Q

A correlation of -0.5 would indicate a scatterplot in which the slope is:

A) upwards
B) downwards
C) horizontal
D) curvilinear

A

B) downwards

49
Q

A correlation of -.05 would indicate a scatterplot where:

A) there is a very poor fit between the straight line and the points on the scatterplot

B) all the points sit perfectly on a straight line

C) there is a moderately good fit between the straight line and the points on the scatterplot

D) half the points of the scatterplot sit on a straight line

A

C) there is a moderately good fit between the straight line and the points on the scatterplot

50
Q

Regression is represented on a:

A) bar chart
B) scattergram
C) pie chart
D) compound chart

A

B) scattergram

51
Q

in regression, the horizontal axis (x-axis) of the graph should:

A) represent the residuals

B) represent either the predictor or the criterion variable

C) represent what is being predicted

D) represent the variable for which the prediction is being made.

A

D) represent the variable for which the prediction is being made.

52
Q

If one wishes to predict performance in tennis finals from performance in semi-finals:

A) performance in the finals is the criterion variable

B) performance in the semi-finals is the criterion variable

C) there must not be a correlation between semi-finals and final performances

D) performance in the finals is the predictor variable

A

A) performance in the finals is the criterion variable

53
Q

The regression line is:

A) usually curved

B) the best fitting straight line through the points in the scattergram which maximises the squared deviations from the points

C) the best fitting straight line through the points in the scattergram.

D) the best fitting straight line through the points in the scattergram which minimises the squared deviations from the points.

A

D) the best fitting straight line through the points in the scattergram which minimises the squared deviations from the points.

54
Q

The point at which the regression line cuts the vertical axis is:

A) irrelevant to making the prediction.

B)always zero.

C) is always the average score on the predictor variable.

D)sometimes positive, sometimes negative.

A

D)sometimes positive, sometimes negative.

55
Q

The related t-test assumes:

A)There is a correlation between the means of the two sets of scores.

B) All the scores are the same.

C)The two sets of scores are from different samples.

D) There is a relationship between the two sets of scores.

A

D) There is a relationship between the two sets of scores.

56
Q

The dependent variable is

A) the scores

B) not applicable; the dependent variable only applies to regression

C) the experimental conditions

D) in the related t-test, the dependent variable is known as the independent variables

A

A) the scores

57
Q

If half the participants are put in the experimental condition before the control condition and the other half do the reverse of this, this is known as:

A) counterbalancing
B) matching
C) an independent design
Dorder-reversing

A

A) counterbalancing

58
Q

The related t-test is really:

A) a one-sample test based on the difference scores

B) a two-sample test ignoring one of the samples

C) an unrelated t-test performed twice

D)two one-sample tests

A

A) a one-sample test based on the difference scores

59
Q

The unrelated t-test assumes:

A) There is no correlation between the two sets of scores.

B) The mean is the same as the standard deviation.

C) The independent and dependent variables are unrelated.

D) The two sets of scores have the same mean.

A

A) There is no correlation between the two sets of scores.

60
Q

In an unrelated t-test, the independent variable is:

A) the scores

B) a measure of whether variables are related or unrelated

C) not applicable; there is no independent variable

D) the experimental conditions

A

D) the experimental conditions

61
Q

In APA style, a non-significant result should normally:

A) not be reported

B) be reported as an exact value to three decimal places

C) be reported with p > .05

D) be reported by stating ‘not sig.’ or ‘ns’ only

A

B) be reported as an exact value to three decimal places

62
Q

Here is an example of how to report an ANOVA result in APA style:
‘The main effect for Alcohol was significant, F(1, 12) = 31.68, p < .001’. What else could be included in this description?

A) a symbol for the test statistic

B) a measure of the effect size

C) an indication of the degrees of freedom

D) the value of the test statistic

A

B) a measure of the effect size

63
Q

What is a common way to report the results of a regression analysis?

A) using a table

B) using a graph

C) describing the model in a table and the regression weights for predictors in the text

D) describing this in the text

A

A) using a table

64
Q

In APA style, percentages should normally:

A) not be used; means and standard deviations should be used instead

B) be reported without decimal places

C) only be reported in a table

D )not include the % symbol

A

B) be reported without decimal places

65
Q

What is missing from this chi-square result: χ2 (2, N = 146), p < .001?

A) whether a one-tailed or two-tailed test was used

B) the sample size

C) the probability or significance level

D) the value of the test statistic

A

D) the value of the test statistic

66
Q

Which of these is a warning sign NOT to use chi-square, or to take great care when using chi-square:

A) Participants contribute one frequency each to the total number of frequencies.

B) For a 2x2 cross-tabulation table, the expected frequencies are 5 or greater.

C) The data are only percentages.

D) The data are only frequencies.

A

C) The data are only percentages.

67
Q

A one-tailed significance test can be used to test:

A) both directional and non-directional hypotheses

B) a directional hypothesis

C) neither directional nor non-directional hypotheses

D) a non-directional hypothesis

A

B) a directional hypothesis

68
Q

Which of the following hypotheses could be tested with a one-tailed significance test?

A) Extraversion will be correlated with engagement in extra-curricular activities.

B) There will be a relationship between emotional intelligence and optimism.

C) There will be a difference in musical ability depending on whether individuals received training or not.

D) Females will perform better on the test than males.

A

D) Females will perform better on the test than males.

69
Q

Which of the following hypotheses could only be tested with a two-tailed significance test?

A) Participants who have more hours of sleep will perform better on their exam.

B) Individuals with higher levels of intrinsic motivation will study for longer periods of time.

C) Mindfulness training will lead to reduction in anxiety symptoms.

D) Openness to experience will vary based on participants’ political party affiliation.

A

D) Openness to experience will vary based on participants’ political party affiliation.

70
Q

Which of the following are acceptable reasons for using a one-tailed significance test?

A) Previous theory suggests that the trend could go in either direction.

B) A two-tailed test fails to reach significance.

C) There is a theoretical or empirical reason for expecting a trend to be in a particular direction.

D) After inspecting the data you realise that a one-tailed test is likely to be more appropriate.

A

C) There is a theoretical or empirical reason for expecting a trend to be in a particular direction.

71
Q

What does the F ratio compare to?

A) two means
B) two variances
C) the same this as a t-test
D) two standard deviations

A

B) two variances

72
Q

Calculate an F ratio to compare the group variances of 6.8 and 9.5 (rounded to two decimal places)

A) 2.70
B) 1.40
C) 0.50
D) 0.72

A

B) 1.40

73
Q

Assuming there are 10 degrees of freedom on both the numerator and denominator, what is the critical value for the F ratio in Table 22.1?

A) 3.0
B) 2.5
C) 0.05
D) 1.8

A

A) 3.0

74
Q

The Unrelated One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):

A) can be used when an experiment has several conditions

B) can be used when the same participants take part in the different conditions

C) can be used when an experiment has only one condition

D) can be used when the group variances are very different

A

A) can be used when an experiment has several conditions

75
Q

The analysis of variance assumes that differences between conditions are due to:

A) the effect of the independent variable

B) correlations between conditions

C) the effect of the dependent variable

D) differences in variance between the conditions

A

A) the effect of the independent variable

76
Q

If an obtained score in the data is 10, which of the following would not be possible ‘true’ and ‘error’ components?

A) 10 and 0
B) 6 and 4
C) 7 and 6
D) 13 and −3

A

C) 7 and 6

77
Q

Which of the following is NOT true when conducting ANOVA:

A) It is possible to have any number of groups, with the minimum being two.

B) It is important that a mean and variance can be calculated from the scores.

C) The scores (dependent variables) can be virtually any score variable.

D) It is necessary to have equal number of scores in each group.

A

D) It is necessary to have equal number of scores in each group.

78
Q

Analysis of variance for correlated scores compared to the unrelated analysis of variance is most like:

A) Pearson correlation compared with Spearman correlation

B) The related t-test compared with the unrelated t-test

C) The mean and the median

D) The Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test compared with the Mann-Whitney U-test

A

B) The related t-test compared with the unrelated t-test

79
Q

Analysis of variance for correlated scores is useful:

A) when different participants are tested in each condition

B) when the parametric assumptions of unrelated analysis of variance are not met

C) for calculating correlation coefficients

D) when the same participants are tested in multiple conditions

A

D) when the same participants are tested in multiple conditions

80
Q

The advantage of analysis of variance for correlated scores is:

A) The individual differences component provides a better error term.

B) The true scores can be broken down into residual error and individual differences components.

C) The parametric assumptions can be ignored.

D) The size of the error is usually reduced by taking away the individual differences component.

A

D) The size of the error is usually reduced by taking away the individual differences component.

81
Q

The F ratio in ANOVA:

A) can be positive or negative

B) always divides the larger variance estimate by the smaller variance estimate

C) must always be greater than 1

D) always divides the variance estimate with the smaller degrees of freedom by the one with the larger degrees of freedom

A

D) always divides the variance estimate with the smaller degrees of freedom by the one with the larger degrees of freedom

82
Q

‘The related ANOVA was used to test whether the children’s mathematical aptitude changed over time (F=6.3, df=1, 50, p<0.01).’ What can be concluded from this?

A) that childrens’ mathematical aptitude improves significantly over time

B) that there is no change in mathematical aptitude with time

C) that childrens’ mathematical aptitude gets significantly worse over time

D) that childrens’ mathematical aptitude changes significantly over time

A

D) that childrens’ mathematical aptitude changes significantly over time

83
Q

Which of the following tests the assumption of sphericity?

A) Mauchly’s test
B) Chi-Square
C) Levene’s test
D) Test of Kurtosis

A

A) Mauchly’s test

Statistics for Psychology (14 decks)

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