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Statistics for Psychology > FINAL Exam - MCQ > Flashcards

FINAL Exam - MCQ Flashcards

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1
Q

The correlation coefficient can be any numerical value between:

0 and 1

  • 0.1 and 0.1
  • 1 and 1
  • 1 and 0
A

-1 and 1

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2
Q

The correlation coefficient:

A) tells you whether the relationship is significant or not
B) makes the scatterplot redundant
C) should be interpreted alongside the relevant scatterplot
D) tells you whether the relationship found between variables is likely to a chance finding

A

C) should be interpreted alongside the relevant scatterplot

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3
Q

A correlation of -0.5 would indicate a scatterplot in which the slop is:

A) upwards
B) horizontal
C) downwards
D) curvilinear

A

C) downwards

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4
Q

A correlation of -0.5 would indicate a scatterplot where:

A) had of the points the scatterplot sit on a straight line
B) there is a moderately good fit between the straight line and the points on the scatterplot
C) all of the points sit perfectly on straight line
D) there is a very poor fit between the straight line and the points on the scatterplot

A

B) there is a moderately good fit between the straight line and the points on the

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5
Q

Regression:

A) can be used on the same data as those used for a correlation analysis

B) is exactly the same as the correlation coefficient

C) should be used when you fail to find a significant correlation

D) Is a harder way to do correlation

A

A) can be used on the same data as those used for a correlation analysis

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6
Q

The predictor variable is:

A) the y-variable
B) the vertical Axis
C) the outcome that is being predicted in an analysis
D) the ‘known’ variable

A

D) the ‘known’ variable

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7
Q

Regression is represented on a:

A) pie chart
B) bar chart
C) scattergram
D) Compound bar chart

A

C) scattergram

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8
Q

In regression, the horizontal axis ( x-axis ) of the graph should:

A) Represent the residuals
B) represent the variable for which the prediction is being made
C) represent either the predictor or the criterion variable
D) represent what is being predicted

A

B) represent the variable for which the prediction is being made

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9
Q

The criterion variable is:

A) the variable that is used to make predictions
B) the outcome that is being predicted in an analysis
C) presented on the x-axis
D) represented on the horizontal axis

A

B) the outcome that is being predicted in an analysis

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10
Q

If one wishes to predict performance in tennis finals from performance in semi-finals:

A) performance in the finals is the criterion variable
B) there must not be a correlation between semi0final and final performances
C) performance in the semi-finals is the criterion variable
D) performance in the finals is the predictors variable

A

A) performance in the finals is the criterion variable

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11
Q

The regression line:

A) the best fitting straight line through the points in the scattergram which minimises the squared deviations from the points

B) the best fitting straight line through the points in the scattergram which maximises the squared deviations from the points

C) usually curved

D) the best fitting straight line through the points in the scattergram

A

A) the best fitting straight line through the points in the scattergram which minimises the squared deviations from the points

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12
Q

The point at which the regression line cuts the vertical axis is:

A) always zero
B) is always the average score on the predictor variable
C) irrelevant to making the prediction
D) sometimes positive, sometimes negative

A

D) sometimes positive, sometimes negative

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13
Q

The related t-test assumes:

A) the two sets of scores are form different samples

B) all the scores are the same

C) there is a relationship between the tow sets of scores

D) there is a correlation between the means of the two sets of scores

A

C) there is a relationship between the tow sets of scores

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14
Q

The dependent variable is:

A) the experimental conditions

B) not applicable; the dependent variable only apples to regression

C) in the related t-test, the dependent variable is known as the independent variable

D) the scores

A

d) the scores

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15
Q

If half the participants are put in the experimental condition before the control condition and the other hand do the reverse of this, this is known as:

A) counterbalancing
B) order-reversing
C) matching
D) and independent design

A

A) counterbalancing

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16
Q

The related t-test is really:

A) an unrelated t-test performed twice

B) a one-sample test based on the difference scores

C) a two sample test ignoring one of the samples

D) two one-sample tests

A

B) a one-sample test based on the difference scores

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17
Q

The untreated t-test assumes:

A) the two sets of scores have the same mean

B) the mean is the same as the SD

C) there is no correlation between the two sets of scores

D) the independent and dependent variables are unrelated

A

C) there is no correlation between the two sets of scores

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18
Q

In an unrelated t-test, the independent variable is:

A) the scores

B) not applicable; there is no independent variable

C) the experimental conditions

D) a measure of whether variables are related or unrelated

A

C) the experimental conditions

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19
Q

In APA style, a non-significant result should normally:

A) be reported with p > .05

B) be reported by stating ‘not sig’ or ‘ns’ only

C) not be reported

D) be reported as an exact value to three decimal places

A

D) be reported as an exact value to three decimal places

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20
Q

here is an example of how to report an ANOVA result in APA style: ‘the main effect for alcohol was significant , F(1, 12) = 31.68, p < .001’. What else could be included in this description

A) the value of the test statistics

B) an indication of the degrees of freedom

C) a measure of the effect size

D) a symbol for the test statistic

A

C) a measure of the effect size

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21
Q

What is a common way to report the results of a regression analysis?

A) using a table

B) describing the model in a table and the regression weights for predictors in the text

C) using a graph

D) describing this in the test

A

A) using a table

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22
Q

In APA style, the percentages should normally:

A) not include the % symbol

B) not be used; means and SD should be used instead

C) be reported without decimals places

D) only be reported in a table

A

C) be reported without decimals places

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23
Q

What is missing from this chi-square result: x^2 (2, N = 146), p < .001?

A) whether a one-tailed or two-tailed test was used
B) the value of the test statistic
C) the probability or significance level
D) the sample size

A

B) the value of the test statistic

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24
Q

Chi-square is used on:

Scores

Parametric Data

ranks

frequencies

A

frequencies

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25
Q

Chi-square is typically expressed as:

Y^2
Y = bX + a
Chi^2
X^2

A

X^2

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26
Q

the chi-squared statistic is based on:

A) only the expected frequency
B) only the observed frequency
C) the differences between the observed and expected frequencies
D) the product of the observed and expected frequency

A

C) the differences between the observed and expected frequencies

27
Q

Which of these is a warning sign NOT to use chi-square, or to take great care when using chi-square:

A) for a 2x2 cross-tabulation table, the expected frequencies are 5 or greater

B) the data are only percentages

C) participants contribute one frequency each to the total number of frequencies

D) the data are only frequencies

A

B) the data are only percentages

28
Q

A one-tailed significance test can be used to test:

A) neither directional nor non-directional hypotheses

B)both directional and non-directional hypotheses

C) a non-directional hypothesis

D) a directional hypothesis

A

D) a directional hypothesis

29
Q

Which of the following hypotheses could be tested with a one-tailed significance test?

A) Extraversion will be correlated with engagement in extra-curricular activities.

B) Females will perform better on the test than males.

C) There will be a relationship between emotional intelligence and optimism.

D) There will be a difference in musical ability depending on whether individuals received training or not.

A

B) Females will perform better on the test than males.

30
Q

Which of the following hypotheses could only be tested with a two-tailed significance test?

A) Openness to experience will vary based on participants’ political party affiliation.

B) Individuals with higher levels of intrinsic motivation will study for longer periods of time.

C) Participants who have more hours of sleep will perform better on their exam.

D) Mindfulness training will lead to reduction in anxiety symptoms.

A

A) Openness to experience will vary based on participants’ political party affiliation.

31
Q

Which of the following are acceptable reasons for using a one-tailed significance test?

A) Previous theory suggests that the trend could go in either direction.

B) There is a theoretical or empirical reason for expecting a trend to be in a particular direction.

C) After inspecting the data you realise that a one-tailed test is likely to be more appropriate.

D) A two-tailed test fails to reach significance.

A

B) There is a theoretical or empirical reason for expecting a trend to be in a particular direction.

32
Q

What does the F ratio compare?

A) two variances
B) two means
C) the same thing as a t-test
D) two standard deviations

A

A) two variances

33
Q

Calculate an F ratio to compare the group variances of 6.8 and 9.5 (rounded to two decimal places)

A) 0.50
B) 2.70
C) 1.40
D) 0.72

A

C) 1.40

34
Q

Assuming there are 10 degrees of freedom on both the numerator and denominator, what is the critical value for the F ratio in Table 22.1?

A) 2.5
B) 1.8
C) 0.05
D) 3.0

A

D) 3.0

35
Q

Analysis of variance for correlated scores compared to the unrelated analysis of variance is most like:

A) The Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test compared with the Mann-Whitney U-test
B) Pearson correlation compared with Spearman correlation
C) The related t-test compared with the unrelated t-test
D) The mean and the median

A

C) The related t-test compared with the unrelated t-test

36
Q

Analysis of variance for correlated scores is useful:

A) for calculating correlation coefficients
B) when the parametric assumptions of unrelated analysis of variance are not met
C) when different participants are tested in each condition
D) when the same participants are tested in multiple conditions

A

D) when the same participants are tested in multiple conditions

37
Q

The advantage of analysis of variance for correlated scores is:

A) The parametric assumptions can be ignored.

B) The true scores can be broken down into residual error and individual differences components.

C) The size of the error is usually reduced by taking away the individual differences component.

D) The individual differences component provides a better error term

A

C) The size of the error is usually reduced by taking away the individual differences component.

38
Q

The F ratio in ANOVA:

A) always divides the larger variance estimate by the smaller variance estimate

B) always divides the variance estimate with the smaller degrees of freedom by the one with the larger degrees of freedom

C) can be positive or negative

D) must always be greater than 1

A

B) always divides the variance estimate with the smaller degrees of freedom by the one with the larger degrees of freedom

39
Q

‘The related ANOVA was used to test whether the children’s mathematical aptitude changed over time (F=6.3, df=1, 50, p<0.01).’ What can be concluded from this?

A) that childrens’ mathematical aptitude improves significantly over time

B) that there is no change in mathematical aptitude with time

C) that childrens’ mathematical aptitude changes significantly over time

D) that childrens’ mathematical aptitude gets significantly worse over time

A

C) that childrens’ mathematical aptitude changes significantly over time

40
Q

Which of the following tests the assumption of sphericity?

A) Chi-Square
B) Mauchly’s test
C) Test of Kurtosis
D) Levene’s test

A

B) Mauchly’s test

41
Q

The Unrelated One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):

A) can be used when an experiment has several conditions

B) can be used when an experiment has only one condition

C) can be used when the same participants take part in the different conditions

D) can be used when the group variances are very different

A

A) can be used when an experiment has several conditions

42
Q

The analysis of variance assumes that differences between conditions are due to:

A) the effect of the independent variable
B) differences in variance between the conditions
C) the effect of the dependent variable
D) correlations between conditions

A

A) the effect of the independent variable

43
Q

Which of the following is NOT true when conducting ANOVA:

A) It is possible to have any number of groups, with the minimum being two.

B) It is important that a mean and variance can be calculated from the scores.

C) The scores (dependent variables) can be virtually any score variable.

D)It is necessary to have equal number of scores in each group.

A

D)It is necessary to have equal number of scores in each group.

44
Q

If an obtained score in the data is 10, which of the following would not be possible ‘true’ and ‘error’ components?

A) 6 and 4
B) 7 and 6
C) 10 and 0
D) 13 and -3

A

B) 7 and 6

45
Q

How can the chance of committing a Type I error be reduced when performing multiple comparisons?

a) Transform the data using square root
b) Check for homogeneity and normal distribution
c) Apply the Bonferroni correction to adopt a more stringent significance criterion or use more appropriate tests for multiple comparisons
d) Remove outliers

A

c) Apply the Bonferroni correction to adopt a more stringent significance criterion or use more appropriate tests for multiple comparisons

46
Q

within a college course, a _____ error occurs if an instructor decides a student _____ when he/she is in fact _______.

a) Type I error; has cheated; did not cheat
b) Type II error; has cheated; did cheat
c) Type II error; has cheated; did not cheat
d) Type I error; has not cheated; did not cheat

A

a) Type I error; has cheated; did not cheat

47
Q

Which of the following formats is correct for reporting an independent samples t-test in APA format?

a) F (17, 24) = 235.98, p < .05
b) t(34) = -.478, p < .001.
c) r(18) = +.987, p = .06
d) N = 22, P = .001, T = 1.489

A

b) t(34) = -.478, p < .001.

48
Q

A researcher measured people’s physiological reactions to horror films. He split the data into two groups: males and females. The resulting data were normally distributed and men and women had equal variances. What test should be used to analyse the data?

a) Paired samples t-test
b) Independent t-test
c) Mann–Whitney test
d) Wilcoxon signed-rank test

A

b) Independent t-test

49
Q

A correlation of .7 was found between time spent studying and percentage on an exam. What is the proportion of variance in exam scores (R2) that can be explained by time spent studying?

a) .70
b) .49
c) .30
d) .7

A

b).49

50
Q

Analysis of variance for correlated scores compared to the unrelated analysis of variance is most like:

a) the related t-test compared with the unrelated t-test.
b) Pearson correlation compared with Spearman correlation.
c) The Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test compared with the Mann–Whitney U-test.
d) none of these.

A

a) the related t-test compared with the unrelated t-test.

51
Q

What does a Pearson’s product-moment allow you to identify?

a) Whether there is a significant effect and interaction of dependent variables
b) Whether there is a significant effect and interaction of independent variables
c) Whether there is a relationship between variables
d) Whether there is a significant difference between groups

A

c) Whether there is a relationship between variables

52
Q

If Pearson’s correlation coefficient between stress level and workload is .8, how much variance in stress level is not accounted for by workload?

a) 20%
b) 2%
c) 8%
d) 36%

A

d) 36%

53
Q

A researcher tested 40 adults. Each adult had to rate their mood after listening to a tape of people being sick, and then again after a tape of people laughing. What experimental design has been used?

a) A matched design
b) A repeated-measures design
c) A mixed design
d) A between-subjects design

A

b) A repeated-measures design

54
Q

A researcher asked 933 people what their favourite type of TV programme was: news, documentary, soap or sports. They could only choose one answer. As such, the researcher counted the number of people who chose each category of programme. How should she analyse these data?

a) t-test
b) One-way analysis of variance
c) Chi-square test
d) Regression

A

c)Chi-square test

55
Q

On which of the following does the critical value for a chi-square statistic rely?

a) The degrees of freedom
b) The sum of the frequencies
c) The row totals
d) The number of variables

A

a)The degrees of freedom

56
Q

For what is the ‘variable view’ in IBM SPSS’s data editor used?

a) Entering data.
b) Writing syntax.
c) Viewing output from data analysis.
d) Defining characteristics of variables.

A

d) Defining characteristics of variables.

57
Q

What does the operation “Recode Into Different Variables” do to the data?

a) Replaces missing data with some random scores
b) Reverses the position of the independent and dependent variable on a graph
c) Redistributes a range of values into a new set of categories and creates a new variable
d) Represents the data in the form of a pie chart

A

c) Redistributes a range of values into a new set of categories and creates a new variable

58
Q

In which sub-dialog box can the Chi Square test be found?

a) Frequencies: Percentages
b) Crosstabs: Statistics
c) Bivariate: Pearson
d) Gender: Female

A

b) Crosstabs: Statistics

59
Q

Ann would also like to explore the relationship between optimism and perceived stress. She suspects that higher levels of optimism would be associated with lower levels of perceived stress.
Identify which statistical technique could be used:

a) Independent t-test
b) Paired t-test
c) Correlation
d) One-way Repeated ANOVA

A

c)Correlation

60
Q

Ann is interested in exploring the possibility of gender differences (male-female) in levels of perceived stress.
Identify which statistical technique she could use:

a) Independent t-test
b) Paired t-test
c) Correlation
d) Chi-square test

A

a)Independent t-test

61
Q

Ellie conducts a study to find out if there is a significant change in depression levels across three time periods (prior to an intervention, after the intervention and at a three-month follow-up).
Identify which statistical technique she could use:

a) Independent t-test
b) One-way Repeated ANOVA
c) Correlation
d) Chi-square test

A

b)One-way Repeated ANOVA

62
Q

R2 is known as the :

A) coefficient of determination
B) multiple correlation coefficient
C) partial correlation coefficient
D) semi-partial correlation coefficient

A

A) coefficient of determination

63
Q

The dependent variable may be thought of as the _______, whereas the independent variable is the ______.

a) cause; outcome
b) goal; the way of achieving goal
c) beginning; end
d) effect; cause

A

d) effect; cause

64
Q

The probability of a t-statistic that falls between α=.05 and .01 the critical value is beset reported as

a) p .05
c) p

A

a)p

Statistics for Psychology (14 decks)

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