Past credit 2 Flashcards by Pernilla H

Gray collie syndrome is characterized by?

Select one:
a. Mobilization of marginated neutrophils and redistribution into
the circulatory neutrophil pool

b. Extensive growth of lymphoid cells in the visceral organs
c. Wasting of the muscles on the both sides of the head and eosinophilia
d. The appearance of neutropenic episodes that occur at 11 to 14 days interval

d. The appearance of neutropenic episodes that occur at 11 to 14 days interval

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An increase in plasma hydrogen ions or decrease in O2 stimulates the aortic and carotic body receptors that leads to increased ventilation. How is it called?

a. Central chemical control of alveolar ventilation
b. Peripheral chemical control of alveolar ventilation.
c. Formation of titratable acid
d. Formation of ammonium

b. Central chemical control of alveolar ventilation

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is characterized by an augmentation of normal clotting mechanisms which results in depletion of coagulation factors, deposition of fibrin clots in the microvasculature, the second activation of fibrinolytic mechanisms with the production of fibrin-degradation products (FDP) which have anticoagulant properties. There is pathophysiological paradox - ________ in the presence of haemorrhage.

Select one:

a. Uremia
b. Neoplasia
c. Proteolysis
d. Thrombosis

d. Thrombosis

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Serotonin in an inflammatory response causes:

a. thrombolysis.
b. chemotaxis.
c. vasoconstriction.
d. venules dilatation and increased vascular permeability.

c. vasoconstriction.

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Sustained fever is:

a. Extremly high temperature.
b. Febrile episodes lasting one or more days with intervening periods of normal temperature.
c. Lasting for several days or even weeks with minimal variations between successive measurements.
d. Daily increases in body temperature with intervening periods of (sub)normal temperature.

c. Lasting for several days or even weeks with minimal variations between successive measurements.

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Agranulocytosis means:

a. Disappearance of granules from granulocytes
b. Diminishing of granulocytes in the circulation
c. Multiple myeloma
d. Increase granulocyte count in the circulation

b. Diminishing of granulocytes in the circulation

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Stress leukogram is caused by ________ and includes ___, ____, and ______.

a. Catecholamines, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia
b. Aldosterone, neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, eosinofilia
c. Opioids, neutropenia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia
d. Glucocorticoids, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia

Glucocorticoids, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia

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Hypotonic dehydration is characterized by:

a. Loss of water is lower that loss of electrolytes in ECF.
b. Excess of water is equal to excess of electrolytes in ECF.
c. Excess of water is lower than excess of electrolytes in ECF.
d. Loss of water is higher than loss of electrolytes in ECF.

a. Loss of water is lower that loss of electrolytes in ECF.

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It is not one of the cellular components in acute inflammation.

a. Diapedesis
b. Adhesion of blood cells to endothelial cells
c. Phagocytosis
d. Reparation

d. Reparation

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Relative polycythemia may arise from:

a. Haemoglobinopathies
b. Obesity
c. Dehydration
d. Chronic pulmonary disease

c. Dehydration

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Whole body subcutaneous edema and transudate in the peritoneal cavity are:

a. Anasarca and ascites.
b. Anasarca and hydrothorax.
c. Ascites and hydropericardium
d. Hydrothorax and ascites.

a. Anasarca and ascites

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Degenerative left shift means:

a. the immature neutrophils outnumber mature neutrophils an the total neutrophil count is normal or low
b. a decrease in total circulatory neutrophils
c. increased numbers of immature neutrophils present in blood
d. increased numbers of mature (segmented) neutrophils present in blood

a. the immature neutrophils outnumber mature neutrophils and the total neutrophil count is normal or low

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An agregate of inflammatory monocuclear cells arranged concentrically around the causative agent is:

a. hypertrophic scar.
b. abscess.
c. granuloma
d. keloid.

c. granuloma

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The gain of base or loss of strong acid by the ECF results in the process called_________

a. Metabolic alkalosis
b. Respiratory alcalosis
c. Metabolic acidosis
d. Respiratory acidosis

a. Metabolic alkalosis

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Pernicious anaemia may arise from:

a. Lack of erythropoietin
b. Lack of intrinsic factor secretion
c. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
d. Oxidative injury

Lack of intrinsic factor secretion

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When it does not arise paradoxic aciduria?

a. Decreased K intake.
b. Abomasal HCl reflux and sequestration in abomasum/rumen.
c. Abomasum/rumen fluid retention.
d. Increased K intake.

d. Increased K intake.

a-c is correct for paradoxical aciduria

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Which of the mechanisms does not cause edema?

a. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
b. An increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
c. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure.
d. An increased capillary permeability.

a. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure.

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A localized collection of pus in cavity is:

Select one:

a. lymphoedema.
b. granuloma.
c. cardial edema.
d. abscess

d. abscess

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Hypertonic hyperhydration is characterized by:

Select one:

a. loss of water is lower than loss of electrolytes in ECF.
b. loss of water is higher than loss of electrolytes in ECF.
c. excess of electrolytes is higher than excess of water in ECF.
d. excess of water is higher than excess of electrolytes in ECF.

c. excess of electrolytes is higher than excess of water in ECF.

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Hypertonic dehydration is characterized by:

Select one:

a. Excess of electrolytes is higher than excess of water in ECF.
b. Loss of water is higher than loss of electrolytes in ECF.
c. Loss of water is lower that loss of electrolytes in ECF.
d. Loss of water is equal to loss of electrolytes in ECF.

b. Loss of water is higher than loss of electrolytes in ECF.

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Which cells enter the inflammatory area first in acute inflammation?

Select one:

a. vasocontriction
b. lymphocytes
c. neutrophils
d. monocytes

c. neutrophils

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Paroxysmal hemoglobinuria is caused by:

Select one:

a. Isotonic dehydration.
b. Isotonic hyperhydration.
c. Hypotonic hyperhydration.
d. Hypertonic dehydration.

Hypotonic hyperhydration

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Lysis is:

Select one:

a. daily increases in body temperature with intervening periods of
(sub) normal temperature.

b. sudden decrease of body temperature.
c. gradual decrease of body temperature.
d. extremly high temperature.

c. gradual decrease of body temperature.

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A keloid is:

Select one:
a. Chemoatractant.

b. A raised scar but remains within the original boundaries of the wound.
c. Excessive wound contraction in healing.
d. A raised scar that extends beyond the original boundaries of the wound.

d. A raised scar that extends beyond the original boundaries of the wound.

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Temporal retrogression of some symptoms of disease is Select one: a. exacerbation b. subclinical disease c. remission d. recurrence

c. remission

It is not one of vascular reactions in acute inflammation Select one: a. reparation b. vasocontriction c. passive hyperemia d. an incrreased vascular permeability

a. reparation

Wound contraction is caused by: Select one: a. chemoatractans b. myofibroblasts c. selectins d. monocytes

b. myofibroblasts

Intermittent fever is characterized by: a. Febrile episodes lasting one or more days with intervening periods of normal temperature. b. Lasting for several days or even weeks with minimal variations between successive measurements. c. Extremly high temperature. d. Daily increases in body temperature with intervening periods of (sub)normal temperature.

a. Febrile episodes lasting one or more days with intervening periods of normal temperature.

Histamine in an inflammatory response causes: Select one: a. vasoconstriction. b. thrombolysis. c. venules dilatation and increased vascular permeability. d. chemotaxis.

c. venules dilatation and increased vascular permeability.

Hypoaldosteronism and acidosis can lead to: Select one: a. Hyperkaliemia. b. Hypokaliemia. c. Hypernatremia. d. Paradoxic aciduria.

a. Hyperkaliemia

Which of the following pathological states are not related to hepatic shunting? Select one: a. Oesophageal varices b. Ascites c. Ruminal acidosis d. Splenomegaly

Ruminal acidosis

Diabetes insipidus is of two types Select one: a. Clinical, subclinical b. Exogenous, endogenous c. Primary and secondary d. Central and nephrogenic

Central and nephrogenic

Which of the following statements is false? Consequences of malabsorption are Select one: a. Hyperkalaemia b. Steatorroea c. Anaemia d. Diarrhoea

Hyperkalaemia

_____ occurs when there is excessive destruction of RBCs Select one: a. Hepatic icterus b. Prehepatic icterus c. Intrahepatic icterus d. Posthepatic incterus

Prehepatic icterus

Acute ruminal alkalosis is caused by Select one: a. overfeeding of proteins or fast soluble proteins b. failed eructation of the free gas because of physical interference with eructation c. ingestion of excessive quantities of highly fermentable carbohydrates d. overfeeding of non- protein nitrogen

Overfeeding of non- protein nitrogen

Which of the following etiological factors is not related to acute pancreatitis Select one: a. Ketosis b. Surgical procedures near the pancreas c. Hyperkalaemia d. Uremia

Ketosis

What is ileus? Select one: a. Spontaneous urination in night b. Abnormal loss of blood proteins into the lumen of intestine c. Dilatation of lymph channels d. Prolonged transit time of passage of digesta in the intestine

Prolonged transit time of passage of digesta in the intestine

Agranulocytosis means Select one: a. Increase granulocyte count in the circulation b. Disappearance of granules from granulocytes c. Diminishing of granulocytes in the circulation d. Multiple myeloma

Diminishing of granulocytes in the circulation

Pulmonary oedema is characterized by Select one: a. An inflammation of the lungs b. The collapse of a portion of lungs c. The accumulation of excess fluid in the extravascular space and tissues of the lungs d. Collapse of the lung following the entrance of atmospheric air into the pleural space

The accumulation of excess fluid in the extravascular space and tissues of the lungs

Anisocytosis is Select one: a. Variation in colour among red blood cells b. Variation in the shape of red blood cells c. Variation in the size of red blood cells d. Variation in the number of red blood cells between species

Variation in the size of red blood cells

pH of meat after slaugher in dark, firm and dry pork (DFD) syndrome is Select one: a. 5.8 b. 6.2 c. 5.5 d. 6.0

pH 6.2

The tolerance to increasing amounts of potassium is known as Select one: a. Paradoxical aciduria b. Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis c. Potassium adaptation d. Feline kaliumpenic polymyopathy and nephropathy

Potassium adaptation

Persistent vomiting of both gastric and intestinal content may result in Select one: a. Metabolic acidosis b. Respiratory acidosis c. Respiratory alkalosis d. Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis

Gastric diarrhoe may arise from Select one: a. xerostomia b. hypersecretion of gastric juice c. hyposecretion of gastric juice d. dysphagia

hyposecretion of gastric juice

_____ and ______ shock are forms of distributive (vasogenic) shock Select one: a. Cardiogenic, traumatic b. Anaphylactic, septic c. Haemorrhagic, surgical d. Surgical, traumatic

Anaphylactic, septic

Tremor is ________ Select one: a. disorder of proximal muscle postural fixation with wild movement of the limb b. alterations in muscle tone, muscle resistance to passive movement of a rigid limb c. a rapid involuntary movement induced by reflex contraction of agonists and their antagonists skeletal muscles d. slowness of voluntary movements

A rapid involuntary movement induced by reflex contraction of agonists and their antagonists skeletal muscles

Overdose of NaHCO3- and CaCO3-, increased retention of bases and sodium in the body, loss of potassium from the body are common conditions that result in Select one: a. Metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory alkalosis d. Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Which of the following describes prerenal causes of acute renal failure? Select one: a. Urinary bladder rupture b. Obstruction of excretory urinary tract c. Sequestration of ECF, hypovolemia, cardiac failure d. Inflammatory disease, drug-induced injury of kidney

Sequestration of ECF, hypovolemia, cardiac failure

Acute inflammation classification on the basis of differences in the nature of the exudate are: Select one: a. serous, purulent, suppurative, haemorrhagic b. serous, haemorrhagic, suppurative c. haemorrhagic, modified, serous, d. serous, fibrinous, purulent, haemorrhagic

Serous, fibrinous, purulent, haemorrhagic

_______ alterations are caused by pathogenic agent and ______ alterations are caused by decrease in PO2 Select one: a. acute, chronic b. exogenous, endogenous c. clinical, subclinical d. primary, secondary

d. primary, secondary

Which of the following describes Addison ́s disease? Select one: a. It is caused by excessive production of ACTH b. It is caused by excessive administration of glucocorticoids c. It is caused by a deficiency in ACTH d. It is caused by destruction of adrenal cortices

It is caused by destruction of adrenal cortices Addison's disease = Hypoaldosteronism

Type III hypersensitivity is characterized by Select one: a. Specifically sentisized T lymphocytes and does not involve antibody b. Antibody –dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity and destruction of a target cells through the action of antibodies IgG and IgM against an antigen on the cell plasma membrane c. Production of antigen-specific IgE after exposure to antigen d. Immune-complex hypersensitivity

d. Immune-complex hypersensitivity

Which of the following statement is true? Select one: a. Iatrogenic disease is disease with unknown aetiology. b. Recurrence means an appearance of the symptoms of the same disease after complete restitution. c. Remission means sudden reinforcement of the disease. d. Exacerbation means temporal retrogression of some symptoms of the disease.

Recurrence means an appearance of the symptoms of the same disease after complete restitution.

Cardiac oedema is caused by Select one: a. increased capillary membrane permeability b. increased blood (capillary) hydrostatic pressure c. lymphatic obstruction d. decreased plasma oncotic pressure

b. increased blood (capillary) hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following statements is false? Malabsorptive diarrhoea may be caused by Select one: a. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency b. Obstruction of bile duct system c. Lactase deficiency d. Hypersecretion of gastric juices

Lactase deficiency

Purpura is __________ Select one: a. Excessive food intake b. Haemorrhagic discoloration in the subcutaneous tissues c. The presence of undigested muscle fibres in feces d. Dilation of lymph chanells

b. Haemorrhagic discoloration in the subcutaneous tissues

Myxoedema may arise from Select one: a. Hypothyroidism b. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure c. Lymphatic obstruction d. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

a. Hypothyroidism

__________ occurs most frequently in young, rapid growing calves, lambs, goat kids and foals born from dams which have been fed for long period on diet low in Se and vitamin E. Select one: a. Enzootic calcinosis b. Splayleg syndrome c. Arthrogryposis d. White muscle disease (nutritional muscular dystrophy)

d. White muscle disease (nutritional muscular dystrophy)

Which of the following statements is false? Consequences of hypoparathyroidism are Select one: a. Osteomalatia b. Osteopetrosis c. Tetany d. Increased neuromuscular excitability

a. Osteomalatia

Which of the following describes Conn ́s syndrome? Select one: a. Excessive unregulated secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex b. It is caused by a deficiency in ACTH c. It is caused by excessive production of ACTH d. It is caused by destruction of adrenal cortices

a. Excessive unregulated secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex

Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Conduction refers to heat loss through electromagnetic waves. b. Convention is the transfer of heat through currents of gases to liquids. c. Radiation refers to heat loss by direct molecule-to molecule transfer from one surface to another. d. Heat stroke is an inherited muscle disorder in pig

b. Convention is the transfer of heat through currents of gases to liquids

Type IV hypersensitivity is characterized by Select one: a. Production of antigen-specific IgE after exposure to antigen. b. Immune-complex hypersensitivity c. Antibody –dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity and destruction of a target cells through the action of antibodies IgG and IgM against an antigen on the cell plasma membrane. d. Specifically sentisized T lymphocytes and does not involve antibody.

d. Specifically sentisized T lymphocytes and does not involve antibody.

``` _____ is disorder characterized by mechanical blockage of the GIT. Select one: a. Spastic ileus b. Mechanical ileus c. Paralytic ileus d. Adynamic ileus ```

b. Mechanical ileus

``` Which of the following statements is false? Secretory diarrhoea may be caused by Select one: a. The slowing of intestinal mobility b. Removal of ileum c. Microbial and parasitic agents d. Unabsorbed fatty acids ```

a. The slowing of intestinal mobility

``` Melena means Select one: a. Impairment of the normal sequence of swallowing b. A prodrome of vomiting c. Dark, tarry faeces, blood in feces d. The presence of blood in the vomiting ```

c. Dark, tarry faeces, blood in feces

Which of the following describes Cushing ́s syndrome? Select one: a. It is caused by excessive unregulated secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex b. It is caused by a deficiency in ACTH c. It is caused by excessive production or administration of glucocorticoids d. It is caused by destruction of adrenal cortices

It is caused by excessive production or administration of glucocorticoids (Increased aldesterone)

``` Depression of vasomotor centre and bleeding into the injured areas are the principal causes of __________ shock and most common hypovolaemic shock is ______ shock. Select one: a. surgical, haemorrhagic b. septic, anaphylactic c. haemorrhagic, traumatic d. traumatic, haemorrhagic ```

d. traumatic, haemorrhagic

``` Iron deficiency can lead to Select one: a. Macrocytic normochromic anaemia b. Basophilic stippling c. Microcytic hypochromic anemia d. Macrocytic hypochromic anaemia ```

c. Microcytic hypochromic anemia

An increase in thrombocyte count in the blood refers to Select one: a. Thrombocytosis b. Colony-forming unit – megakaryocyte c. Thrombastenia d. Thrombocytopenia

a. Thrombocytosis

A right shift means Select one: a. Increased numbers of immature neutrophils present in blood b. An increase numbers of mature (segmented) neutrophils present in blood c. The immature neutrophils outnumber mature neutrophils and the total neutrophil count is normal or low d. A decrease in total circulating neutrophils

b. An increase numbers of mature (segmented) neutrophils present in blood

When hydrogen ions are added to the ECF, each base of each buffer pair wil bind hydrogen ion. This interrelationship is referred to as Select one: a. The isohydric principle b. Conservation of filtered bicarbonate c. The haemoglobin buffer system d. The bicarbonate buffer system

a. The isohydric principle

Chronic ruminal alkalosis is caused by Select one: a. overfeeding of non- protein nitrogen b. ingestion of excessive quantities of highly fermentable catbohydrates c. failed eructation of the free gas because of physical interference with eructation d. overfeeding of proteins or fast soluble proteins

d. overfeeding of proteins or fast soluble proteins

Severe proteinuria (albuminuria), hypoalbuminemia, peripheral oedema, hyperlipidaemia and fat bodies in the urine are typical for ____. Select one: a. chronic heart failure b. chronic inflammation c. glomerulonephritis d. nephrotic syndrome

d. nephrotic syndrome

Deep, rapid respiration, polyuria, hyperkalcinuria, hyperkaliemia are indicative of ________ and dizziness, confusion, hypocalcaemia, tachypnoea are indicative of _________. Select one: a. Metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis b. Respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis c. Metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis d. Metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis

d. Metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis

Type I immune hypersensitivity (IgE – mediated allergic reaction) is characterized by Select one: a. Production of antigen-specific IgE after exposure to antigen. b. Antibody –dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity and destruction of a target cells through the action of antibodies IgG and IgM against an antigen on the cell plasma membrane. c. Specifically sentisized T lymphocytes and does not involve antibody. d. Immune-complex hypersensitivity.

a. Production of antigen-specific IgE after exposure to antigen.

Which of the following describes glomerulophritis? Select one: a. It is characterized by the rapid deterioration of renal function resulting in accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood (azotemia) and imbalance of internal envirnment or diminished urine volume (oliguria) b. It is caused by structural alterations of the glomerulus which lead to hematuria, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate and hypertension c. It is characterized by severe proteinuria (albuminuria), hypoalbuminemia, peripheral oedema, hyperlipidaemia and fat bodies in the urine d. It is characterized by gradual decrease of renal functions, prolonged azotemia leads to combination of adaptive metabolic changes and clinical signs known as uremic

b. It is caused by structural alterations of the glomerulus which lead to hematuria, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate and hypertension

Which of the following statements is false? Osmotic diarrhoea may be caused by Select one: a. Lactase deficiency b. Unabsorbed fatty acids c. The slowing of intestinal mobility d. Non-milk carbohydrate diet

b. Unabsorbed fatty acids

Nephrotic syndrome can lead to Select one: a. Oedema due to increased capillary permeability b. Oedema due to decrease plasma oncotic pressure c. Oedema due to increased blood hydrostatic pressure d. Oedema due to lymphatic obstruction.

b. Oedema due to decrease plasma oncotic pressure

``` Hypokalaemia may arise from Select one: a. Hypoaldosteronism b. Metabolic acidosis c. Addison ́s disease d. Feline kaliumpenic polymyopathy and nephropathy ```

d. Feline kaliumpenic polymyopathy and nephropathy

``` Regenerative anaemia can arise from Select one: a. Blood loss b. Lack of erythropoietin c. Vit B12 deficiency d. Iron deficiency ```

a. Blood loss

Progression in circulatory shock includes: Select one: a. Toxic shock, multiple organ dysfunction shock, circulatory shock b. Alarm shock, resistance shock and exhaustion shock c. Non-progressive shock, progressive shock, irreversible shock d. First-degree shock, second –degree shock, third-degree shock

c. Non-progressive shock, progressive shock, irreversible shock

``` Haematemesis means Select one: a. The presence of blood in the vomiting b. Blood in feces c. A prodrome of vomitnig d. Impairment of the normal sequence of swallowing ```

a. The presence of blood in the vomiting

Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. In stadium decrementi heat production of the body is higher than that of loss. b. Higher body temperatures increase serum levels of of iron, zinc, and copper. c. Hyperpyrexia depresses immune responses. d. Recurrent fever is characterized by febrile episodes lasting one or more days with intervening periods of normal temperature

c. Hyperpyrexia depresses immune responses.

_________ is the drug-induced, often fatal stress syndrome which occurs in susceptible pigs within 3 minutes following the inhalation of a mixture of halothane and oxygen. Susceptible pigs develop limb rigidity and hyperthermia which may result in death. Select one: a. Thyroid storm (crisis) b. Pheochromocytoma c. Malignant hyperthermia d. Heat stroke

c. Malignant hyperthermia

Combination in various proportions of external haemorrhage, bleeding into injured tissues, and dehydration is Select one: a. surgical shock b. cardiogenic shock c. traumatic shock d. burn shock

a. surgical shock

Hypernatremia may arise from Select one: a. Suction of ascitic fluid b. Metabolic acidosis and prolonged vomiting c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Conn ́s disease

d. Conn ́s disease

``` There are five macroscopic signs of inflammation redness, heat, swelling, pain and __________. Select one: a. Chemotaxis b. Loss of function c. Decrease immune response d. Phagocytosis ```

b. Loss of function

``` Primary ruminal tympany is caused by Select one: a. Salivary bloat b. Hypocalcemia in milk fever c. Free-gas bloat d. Frothy bloat ```

d. Frothy bloat

_____ occurs when there is obstruction of biliary channels or bile duct. Select one: a. Intrahepatic icterus b. Hepatic icterus c. Posthepatic icterus d. Prehepatic icterus

c. Posthepatic icterus

``` ___________ is functional disorder that is characterized by increased tonus of intestinal wall and tonic spasm. Select one: a. Intussusception b. Mechanical ileus c. Adynamic ileus d. Spastic ileus ```

d. Spastic ileus

Which of the following pathological states are not related to hepatic shunting? Select one: a. Oesophageal varices b. Ruminal acidosis c. Splenomegaly d. Ascites

b. Ruminal acidosis

Which of the following statements is false? Causes of the „Downer Cow syndrome“ are Select one: a. Complications of hypocalcaemic parturient paresis b. The traumatic injuries c. Selenium and vitamin E deficiency d. Difficult parturition

c. Selenium and vitamin E deficiency

``` Which of the following statements describes hypercalcitoninism? Select one: a. Milk fever b. Osteopetrosis c. Osteomalatia d. Tetany ```

Osteopetrosis

Inherited myopathies are Select one: a. Splayleg syndrome, arthrogryposis b. Arthrogryposis, splayleg syndrome, hepatosis dietetica c. Splayleg syndrome, mulberry heart disease d. Splayleg syndrome, arthrogryposis, Downer cow syndrome

a. Splayleg syndrome, arthrogryposis

In calves, cattle (from 2 months to 1 year of age) excessive intake of water per os leads to so called ______________. Select one: a. Sodium chloride poisoning b. Paroxysmal haemoglobinuria c. Nephrotic syndrome d. Dehydration hyperthermia

b. Paroxysmal haemoglobinuria

``` Hyponatremia may arise from Select one: a. Hyperaldosteronism b. Hypoaldosteronism c. Secondary hypoparathyroidism d. Primary hyperparathyroidism ```

Hypoaldosteronism

Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Brisket disease is characterized by dyspnoea, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular enlargement and oedema. b. Decreased thyroid hormone increases heart rate. c. Third-degree burns involve the entire dermis, sparing hair follicles and sweat glands. d. Drop of body temperature below 18-20O C is lethal.

Brisket disease is characterized by dyspnoea, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular enlargement and oedema.

``` Which of the following statements describes hypercalcitoninism? Select one: a. Milk fever b. Osteomalatia c. Tetany d. Osteopetrosis ```

Osteopetrosis

``` _________ occurs in newborn piglets and is characterized by temporary inability to stand with the hindlimbs and their hindlimbs are splayed sideways and the animals are resting in sternal recumbency. Select one: a. Asymmetric hindquater b. Arthrogryposis c. Enzootic calcinosis d. Splayleg syndrome ```

d. Splayleg syndrome

Which of the following describes chronic renal failure? Select one: a. It is characterized by the rapid deterioration of renal function resulting in accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood (azotemia) and imbalance of internal environment or diminished urine volume (oliguria) b. It is caused by structural alterations of the glomerulus which lead to hematuria, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate and hypertension c. It is characterized by gradual decrease of renal functions, prolonged azotemia leads to combination of adaptive metabolic changes and clinical signs known as uremic syndrome d. It is characterized by severe proteinuria (albuminuria), hypoalbuminemia, peripheral oedema, hyperlipidaemia and fat bodies in the urine

It is characterized by gradual decrease of renal functions, prolonged azotemia leads to combination of adaptive metabolic changes and clinical signs known as uremic syndrome

``` Nocturia is __________. Select one: a. Excessive water intake b. The presence of undigested fat in feces c. Excessive food intake d. Spontaneous urination in night ```

d. Spontaneous urination in night

Ascites is caused by Select one: a. Lymphatic obstruction b. Cirhosis, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome and malnutrition c. Paroxysmal haemoglobinuria d. Increased capillary permeability

b. Cirrhosis, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome and malnutrition

Pathological consequences of hyponatremia are Select one: a. Paradoxical aciduria b. Systemic oedema c. A decreased circulating blood volume, hypotension, peripheral circulatory failure and renal failure d. Metabolic alkalosis

c. A decreased circulating blood volume, hypotension, peripheral circulatory failure and renal failure

Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Brisket disease is characterized by dyspnoea, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular enlargement and oedema b. Drop of body temperature below 18 - 20degree is lethal c. Decreased thyroid hormone increases heart rate d. Third-degree burns involve the entire dermis, sparing hair follicles and sweat glands

a. Brisket disease is characterized by dyspnoea, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular enlargement and oedema

Maturation phase in healing can last from Select one: a. 21 days to 1 year b. 14 days to 1,5 year c. 21 days to 2 years d. 10 days to 6 months

c. 21 days to 2 years

Which of the following statements is false? Consequences of primary hyperparathyroidism are: Select one: a. Nephrolithiasis b. Nephocalcinosis c. Osteopetrosis d. Fibrous osteodystrophy

c. Osteopetrosis A typical consquence of primary hyperparathyrodism is HYPERCALCAEMIA Osteopetrosis is caused due to Hypercalcitonism/Calcaemia and not due to hyperparathyrodism

Consequences of secondary hyperparathyroidism is? Select one: a. Osteopetrosis b. Fibrous ostedystrophy c. Hypophosphataemia d. Hyperphosphataemia

d. Hyperphosphataemia

Which of the following statements is false? Tetany is caused by Select one: a. Metabolic acidosis b. Hypercalcitonism c. Hypocalcaemia d. Magnesium deficiency

b. Hypercalcitonism