Passive Activity Flashcards

1
Q

amount at-risk

A

amount of adjusted basis in a business that an owner has at a particular point in time:
-increased by contributions, pass-through of income, and certain debt obligations
-decreased by distributions, pass-through of losses, and certain debt repaid by the business entity

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2
Q

Definition of passive activity

A

Identification of an Activity
Material Participation
Limited Partnerships
Working Interests

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3
Q

Appropriate economic unit factors for identifying separate activities

A

-Similarities and differences in the types of business
-The extent of common control
-The extent of common ownership
-The geographical location, and
-Any interdependencies between the operations (that is, the extent to which they purchase or sell goods between the activities, have the same customers, or are accounted for with a single set of books).
( any reasonable method of applying the relevant facts and circumstances in grouping the activities.)

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4
Q

Material participation test

A

->500 hours/yr
->100 hours during the year, and most of any participant
- substantially all of the participation in the activity by all individuals, including individuals who do not own any interest in the activity
-any non-consecutive five years during the immediately preceding ten taxable years.
-any three years preceding the year in question, and the activity is a personal service activity.
-regular, continuous, and substantial basis during the year.

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5
Q

Limited Partnerships

A

A limited partner has limited liability for his or her investment in the partnership only if the partner has no active involvement. passive in the activities of a limited partnership, as they do not meet the material participation test. Income and deductions from limited partnerships are also considered passive.

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6
Q

Working Interests

A

Not passive: interest that is responsible for the cost of the development or operation of the oil and gas property (exception to passive activity rules)

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7
Q

Taxpayers Subject to Passive Loss Rules

A

-Individuals, estates, and trusts
-Any closely held C corporation
-Any personal service corporation
-Certain publicly traded partnerships

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8
Q

Closely Held C Corporations

A

C corporation where 5 or fewer individuals own >50% of the stock at any time during the last half of the corporation’s taxable year. Passive losses may offset income from active business operations

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9
Q

Personal Service Corporation

A

C corporation whose principal activity is the performance of personal services that are substantially performed by owner-employees and owns >10% stock value

If corporation is closely held C corporation and PSC, passive losses of a PSC may not offset the PSC’s active business income or portfolio income

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10
Q

Material Participation by PSCs and C Corporations

A

If one or more shareholders who own more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock materially participate in the activity.

-substantial portion of the services of at least one full-time employee is in the active management of the activity.
-substantial portion of the services of at least 3 full-time non-owner employees is directly related to the activity.
-Section 162 business deductions of the activity exceed 15% of the activity’s gross income for the period.

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11
Q

Publicly Traded Partnerships

A

partnership where interest in the partnership is either traded on an established securities market or readily available for trading on a secondary market, treated for tax purposes as corporation=> no passive loss rules; however if PTP meets gross income requirements, then income, loss an credit may flow through to partners. Losses treated separate from other types of income that is passive, active, business or portfolio, and income from other PTPs.
Loss is not recognized in the year that the PTP has a passive activity. Suspended losses from PTPS may be deducted in the year the partner disposes interest.

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12
Q

Joe Jones has the following passive activity for the current year:

($5,000) loss from ABC, a publicly traded partnership
$7,000 income from DEF, a publicly traded partnership
($10,000) loss from CHI, a private interest in a limited partnership
$8,000 income from Solar Winds, a private interest in an S-Corporation
How much of the losses will be suspended and carried over?

A

$7,000 of losses must be suspended [($5,000) from ABC & ($2,000) from CHI].

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13
Q

Three categories of taxpayer’s income

A
  • active income (wages, active business income)
  • portfolio (investment)- part of net investment income, which is used in deduction limit for interest expense
    -passive
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14
Q

Suspended losses

A

passive activity losses that are disallowed as deductions for the year incurred are carried over and may offset passive activity income of the subsequent year, but not other types

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15
Q

taxable disposition of interest

A

When passive activity is disposed of in a taxable transaction, suspended losses may be deducted against other income; however the amount of total net economic loss from disposed asset must offset any passive income from other passive activities.

suspended losses of a passive activity become deductible only when the taxpayer completely disposes of his or her interest in the activity. In the case of a death, the amount of the deduction allowed is the amount suspended losses exceed increase in the basis of the property

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16
Q

Carryovers from a Former Passive Activity

A

are deductible against active business income. Any loss carryover from a former passive activity is deductible against the current year’s income of that activity

17
Q

Requirements to qualify for Exception to Rental Activities as Passive

A

->one third of personal services must be in real property trades/business in which the taxpayer participates
-and perform >750 hours of work in real property trades/business
For closely held C Corporation, must derive ?half its gross receipts from real property businesses

18
Q

Requirements for an individual to be able to deduct up to $25,000 annual losses from passive rental real estate activities against other income

A

Actively participate in activity and own at least 10% of value of activity for entire tax year

19
Q

Active participation

A

must participate in the making of management decisions or arranging for others to provide services in a significant and bona fide sense. This includes approving new tenants, deciding on rental terms, approving expenditures, and other similar decisions.

20
Q

Rehabilitation, Revitalization, and Low Income Housing Credits

A

Up to $25,000 deduction, even if the taxpayer does not actively participate

21
Q

Limitation on deduction

A

After applying rental real estate losses for active participation against other net passive income, may deduct against portfolio or active business income up to $25,000 (reduced by half of AGI in excess of $100,000). If AGI>=150,000, all real estate losses must be suspended and carried over with the taxpayer’s other passive losses.

For historic rehabilitation credits, the phase-out begins at $200,000 of AGI rather than $100,000. Therefore, the taxpayer loses the benefit of the deduction completely if his or her AGI exceeds $250,000.

There is no phase-out for business revitalization or low-income housing credits.

22
Q

Mixed use properties

A
  • personal use: rented <=14 days (no need report income)
  • rental use property: personal use no more than greater of 14 days or 10% of number of days rented at FMV
  • Mixed use: personal use >14 days/10% of number of days rented at Fair rental value. Deductions are limited to gross rental income and unused losses are carried forward
23
Q

The passive loss limitation rules apply to:

A

Individuals, estates, and trusts
Any personal service corporation
Any closely held C corporation
Certain publicly traded partnerships

NOT to partnerships and S corporations, as income and losses are taxed directly to shareholders and partners, nor to regular C Corps

24
Q

One of the exceptions to the passive loss rules is _______________________.

A

working interest in an oil or gas property. A working interest is an interest that is responsible for the cost of the development or operation of the oil and gas property

25
Q

Identify the categories of income according to IRC Section 469.

A

IRC Section 469 requires taxpayers to classify their income into three categories:

active income (e.g., wages, salaries, and active business income),
portfolio (i.e., investment) income, and
passive income.

26
Q

Joshua is a 40% owner of a rental real estate property and is several management tasks. His MAGI in 2023 is $175,000. This year, the property generated $20,000 in losses. How much of the real estate losses may be claimed in the current year?

A

Joshua owns at least 10% of the property (40% ownership) and is involved in the overall management. Therefore, he is considered an ‘active participant’ and is eligible to deduct up to $25,000 of real estate losses.

However, Joshua’s MAGI of $175,000 falls outside the phaseout range of $100,000 to $150,000. As a result, $0 of the $20,000 in losses can be claimed in the current year.

27
Q

Sylvia invested $50,000 into a partnership that flips colonial homes in Upstate New York. Of the total losses to the partnership of $100,000 this year, she was allocated $15,000.

Calculate Sylvia’s current amount at-risk.

A

When a taxpayer has an amount at-risk of $50,000 prior to the current year’s pass-through loss of $15,000, the $15,000 loss will be allowed and the taxpayer’s amount at-risk is therefore reduced to $35,000.

Remember that the at-risk rules are always applied before the passive activity rules.