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Year 3 - Obs & Gynae > Pass medicine questions > Flashcards

Pass medicine questions Flashcards

1
Q

give an example of an absolute contraindication to insertion of copper IUD?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

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2
Q

pre-eclampsia

A

pregnancy induced hypertension associated with proteinuria

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3
Q

risk factor for pre-eclampsia

A
  • Aged 40 years or older
  • Nulliparity
  • Pregnancy interval of more than 10 years
  • Family history of pre-eclampsia
  • Previous history of pre-eclampsia
  • Body mass index of 30kg/m^2 or above
  • Pre-existing vascular disease such as hypertension
  • Pre-existing renal disease
  • Multiple pregnancy
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4
Q

medication to suppress lactation

A
  • dopamine receptor agonist
  • inhibits prolactin production
  • causing suppression of lactation
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5
Q

para (parity)

A

indicates number of pregnancies reaching viable gestational age

including livebirths and still births

number of fetuses does not determine parity

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6
Q

Ectopic pregnancy typical history

A

A typical history is a female with a history of 6-8 weeks amenorrhoea who presents with lower abdominal pain and later develops vaginal bleeding

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7
Q

Sheehan syndrome is…

A
  • women who lose large volumes of blood during pregnancy
  • or have severe low blood pressure
  • body deprived of oxygen
  • pituitary gland starved of oxygen
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8
Q

An example of a bacteria which causes group b streptococcus

A
  • streptococcus agalacticae
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9
Q

why does endometrial hyperplasia develop?

A

due to presence of unopposed oestrogen

oestrogen stimulates endometrial growth while progesterone stimulates shedding of this tissue

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10
Q

what medication is associated with development of endometrial hyperplasia?

A
  • tamoxifen

- used for oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer

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11
Q

polycystic ovarian syndrome is characterised by…

A
  • irregular periods / absent periods
  • hirsutism
  • acne
  • infertility
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12
Q

Acanthosis nigricans is…

A

skin condition that causes a dark discoloration in body folds and creases

It typically affects the armpits, groin and neck.

being overweight, T2DM, PCOS can cause acanthosis nigricans

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13
Q

Main counselling point patient must be aware of regarding taking progestogens?

hormone replacement therapy

A

increased risk of breast cancer

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14
Q

If the patient has not had a hysterectomy, their HRT regime must include…

and why

A
  • HRT regime should include oestrogen and progestogen
  • this is because unopposed oestrogen therapy causes hypertrophy of the uterus
  • and a 5-10x increased risk of endometrial carcinoma
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15
Q

features of endometrial cancer

A

post menopausal bleeding

any change in bleeding

pain and discharge

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16
Q

first line investigation for endometrial cancer

A

transvaginal ultrasound

17
Q

mechanism of action of metformin in PCOS?

A
  • increases peripheral insulin sensitivity
18
Q

adenomyosis is…

A
  • presence of endometrial tissue in myometrium
  • best imaging technique is MRI
  • CT not good because it lacks ability to differentiate between different tissue types
19
Q

Hysterosalpinography is used for imaging of…

A
  • uterine lining and fallopian tubes
20
Q

Folic acid (B12) helps prevent…

A
  • neural tube defects in baby

- such as anencephaly, and spina bifida

21
Q

normal laboratory findings in pregnancy include:

A
  • reduced urea
  • reduced creatinine
  • increased urinary protein loss

as a result of increased perfusion to kidneys

22
Q

CA125 - ovarian cancer

CA 19-9 - pancreatic cancer

CEA - Bowel cancer

AFP - liver cancer and germ cell tumours

HER2 - breast cancer receptors

A

CA125 - ovarian cancer

CA 19-9 - pancreatic cancer

CEA - Bowel cancer

AFP - liver cancer and germ cell tumours

HER2 - breast cancer receptors

23
Q

bleeding that persists for the first 2 weeks following giving birth is known as ….

A

lochia

24
Q

lochia

A
  • vaginal discharge containing blood mucous and uterine tissue
  • may continue for 6 weeks after childbirth
25
Q

late onset sepsis normally occurs due to hospital acquired pathogens such as…

A
  • staphylococcus epidermins

- staph aureus

26
Q

suitable step for fetus presenting in transverse lie on abdo examination

A
  • perform external cephalic version
27
Q

sensitisation is a process where…

A
  • whereby fetal red blood cells (RhD positive) enter the maternal circulation
  • where the mother is RhD negative
28
Q

Rhesus disease

A
  • condition where antibodies in a pregnancy womans blood destroy her baby’s blood cells
  • aka haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN)
  • doesn’t harm mother can cause baby to become anaemic and develop jaundice
29
Q

How can we largely prevent Rhesus disease?

A
  • injection of medication called anti-D immunoglobulin
  • helps avoid sensitisation
  • sensitisation is when a women with RHD negative blood is exposed to RhD positive blood and develops an immune response to it
30
Q

What is sensitisation?

A
  • sensitisation is when a women with RHD negative blood is exposed to RhD positive blood and develops an immune response to it
31
Q

example of an intervention to reduce the risk of developing pre-eclampsia again?

A
  • low dose aspirin
  • aspirin inhibits thromboxane
  • thromboxane is a hormone that raises blood pressure
  • thromboxane known to be elevated in pre-eclampsia
32
Q

a smear test (cervical screening) checks for:

A
  • changes in the cells covering the neck of womb

- also checks HPV virus

33
Q

cervical screening key points

If between ages of 25-49 then screening every three years

If between ages of 50 onwards then screening is every 5 years

A

cervical screening key points

If between ages of 25-49 then screening every three years

If between ages of 50 onwards then screening is every 5 years

34
Q

combined HRT increases the risk of breast cancer

A

combined HRT increases the risk of breast cancer

Year 3 - Obs & Gynae (2 decks)

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