pass med y1-3 Flashcards
sulfonylureas MOA
bind to an ATP-dependent K+(KATP) channel on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells
renal failure following transplant in otherwise well patient
delayed graft function
where is the most ACE in the body
lungs
what is important to check after someone has been stuck after a fall
creatine kinase
diabetic drug with low risk of hypoglycaemia and causes glycosuria
SGLT-2 inhibitors
sitagliptin (DPP-4 inhibitor) MOA
increase levels of incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP
by reducing their peripheral breakdown
hormone increasing appetite
ghrelin
most commone substance causing renal stones
calcium oxalate
hyperkalaemia on ecg
small p waves, tall, tented T waves, prolonged PR interval, and bradycardia
graves pathophysiology
IgG antibodies are formed against the TSH receptors on the thyroid gland
where does obturator nerve exit pelvis
obturator foramen
what is enlarged in bph
median lobe
reduced ankle jerk- what nerve root
S1
what secretes secretin
mucosal cells in the duodenum and jejunum
non-patholgys that can raise PSA
digital rectal exam, ejaculation, vigorous excerise
medications to be stopped in AKI
NSAIDS (not aspirin if cardioprotective dose), aminoglycosides (eg gentamicin), ACEi, ARBs, diuretics
hypocalciaemic patient not responding to calcium supplementation (or vit d)
Hypomagnesaemia
testicular cancer causing gynocomastia
HCG secreting teritoma
side effect of acutane (oral isotretinion)
photosensitivity
gout aspirate
needle-shaped negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals
Structures in the carpal tunnel
Flexor digitorum profundus (four tendons)
Flexor digitorum superficialis (four tendons)
Flexor pollicis longus
Median nerve
posteriolateral knee pain after spriniting without warming up
biceps femoris tendon injury
loss of foot dorsiflexion + sensory loss dorsum of the foot- what nerve root injured?
L5
reduced knee jerk- what nerve root injury
L4
muscles types with sarcomeres
skeletal and cardiac
ibuprofen MOA
reduce prostaglandin synthesis
Where does long head of the tricep originate
Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Nerve root
1-2 Ankle (S1-S2)
3-4 Knee (L3-L4)
5-6 Biceps (C5-C6)
7-8 Triceps (C7-C8)
What type of joint is wrist
Synovial condyloid
Pseudogout crystals
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals
Where is adh secreted from
Posterior pituitary
What virus causes shingles
Varciella zoster
foot drop nerve injured?
common peroneal
where is adrenaline secreted
adrenal medulla
what nerve root injured with claw hand and hyperextended wrist
lower trunk of the brachial plexus (C8, T1)
what causes excess ketones in DKA
uncontrolled lipolysis
what electrolyte change will happen when starting insulin therapy
decrease in potassium levels
muscle responsible for flexing the distal interphalangeal joints
Flexor digitorum profundus
what hormone inhibits prolactin
dopamine
can sulfynolureas cause hypoglycaemia
YES
diarrhoea blood gas result (think C diff)
normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
sulfonylureas MOA
stimulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic B-cells and decrease hepatic clearance of insulin
pheochromocytoma investigation
urinary free adrenaline
what structure in anatomical snuffbox can be injured by scaphoid fracture
radial artery
cubital fossa contents
radial nerve, brachial tendon, brachial artery, median nerve
cubital tunnel nerve effected
ulnar nerve
what nerve passes through quadrangel space
axillary nerve
what nerve passes through quadrangel space
axillary nerve
claw hand nerve root
lower trunk C8,T1
Horseshoe kidneys are trapped under the
inferior mesenteric artery
most anterior at the hilum of the left kidney
renal vein
DKA
raised anion gap, metabolic acidosis
what does angiotensin 2 do to the efferent arteriole
