PASS Basics Flashcards
Vitamin A can be used in treatment of what diseases?
anything where we need cells to mature: measles, promyeloblastic or AML (T15/17), Infections that wear away cells, burns.
MCC of pancreatitis
kids: trauma, infection (coxsakie B, mumps), High TGs, hyperCa
Adults: alcohol, gall stones, high TGs, HyperCa
indications for bariatric surgery
> 40 BMI
35 BMI + 1 Comorbidity
30 BMI + 2 Comorbidity
Vit A Deficiency
cause - low absorption in ileum or sequestration in fat
poor night vision
hypoparathyrodism
Promeylo/AML (retinoid acid R defect)
Vit A Fxn
PTH cofactor CSF Production cell maturation night vision antioxidant
Vit A excess
pseudomotor cerebri
hyperaparathyroidism
Vit B1 (Thiamine) FXN
pyruvate dehydrogenase
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
brr chained AA dehydrogenase
transketolase
Thiamine Deficiency
Beriberi - heart dilation, peripheral neuropathy, wet (lung dilation)
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy/aphasia
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome (+mammillary bodies)
where is wernicke’s area
posterior temporal lobe
MCC of myositis?
Hypothyroid
drugs (statins, INH, rifampin, steroids)
Cushings
infection (trichanella spirals from bear or Tinea Solum from pig meat)
anabolic pathways happen in?
cytoplasm (making things)
catabolic pathways happen in?
mitochondria (Breaking things down to get energy) except glycolysis (in cyto)
which pathways happen in cytoand mito?
heme synthesis
gluconeogenesis
FA synthesis
pyrimidine synthesis
heme synthesis
in mito and cyto
Succinyl CoA (from Krebs) –>
B6, Glycine, and ALA synthase (makes porphyrin)
4X Porphyrin
Ferrochetalase (adds Fe2+)
=HEME!
site of erythropoiesis
4 mos gestation - yolk sac
6 mos gestation - liver, spleen, flat bones
8 mos gestation - long bones
1 yr old - long bones (liver, spleen, and flat bones close, spleen CAN reopen)
chloramphenicol
blocks peptidyl transferase on 50s subunit of ribosome
also (SE) blocks Complex IV of ETC
spectrum:
G+ (including S. aureus)
simple G-
Rickettsia
SE: Aplastic anemia, gray baby
antimycin
blocks Complex III ETC (chemo drug)
Oligomycin
blocks Complex V of ETC (ATP Synthetase)
Statins effect on ETC
decreases CoQ (shuttle between Complex I, II, & III) if hepatitis or myositis with statins - give CoQ
ETC Uncouplers?
Dinitrophenol (insecticide)
Aspirin (Reyes Synd)
FFAs (brown fat)
cause hyperthermia and MM can (malignant hyperthermia or neuroleptic malignant syndrome)
uncoupling ETC due to anesthesia
malignant hyperthermia
uncoupling ETC due to anti psychotica
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
hepatic steatosis
micro:
reyes syndrome
tylenol poisoning
pregnancy
macro:
alcohol & obesity
Tx for malignant hyperthermia or neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
Dantrolene (stabilizes SR to decrease Ca release)
ascarbose and miglitol
block alpha 1 glucosidase (needed to breakdown & abs glucose).
use: post prandial hyperglycemia in DM
exene”tide” and liraglu”tide”
incretin analogues
inhibit glucagon in pancreas
wt loss
Sitagliptin and vilda”gliptin” and saxa”gliptin”
inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP - enzyme that break down incretins)
SE: pancreatitis
wt neutral
Metformin/fanformin
inhibits gluconeogenesis in liver (pyruvate carboxylase)
pro: wt loss, decreases progression of preDM to DM
con: interacts with IV contrast –> renal failure
check creatinine
causes metabolic acidosis
if IV contrast is needed in DM patient on Metformin?
stop metformin, IV fluids, N-acetylcystiene
sulfonyl ureas
block voltage gated K channels in pancreatic beta cells
increases insulin release
SE:hypoglycemia, sulfa allergy, obesity
anderson’s disease
no brr enzyme for glycogen synthesis
linear glycogen only on liver biopsy
XR diseases
G6PD alpha-galactosidase: Fabry iduronidase: hunters NADPH oxidase: CGD HGPRT: Lesch Nyhan CAT1: Adrenoleukodystrophy adenosine deaminase: SCID ornithine transcarbamoylase
saturated fatty acid?
no double bonds
main FA we make?
palmitic acid (c16) double bonds 3 carbons apart no double bonds after C10
erythrocytic porphyria
porphyria in less than 1yo
porphyria cutanea tarda
porphyria in >1yo
