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UWorld Review > Missed Concepts > Flashcards

Missed Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

MCC of Spontaneous lobar hemorrhage (esp in elderly)?

A

cerebral amyloid angiopathy (MC lobes? occipital & Parietal)

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2
Q

Transference

A

unconscious shifting of emotions for a person in the PAST to a person in the present

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3
Q

Displacement

A

expressing unacceptable feelings meant for someone in their present life to a “safer” person

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4
Q

KRAS gene and RAS protein

A

G-protein coupled receptor protein. growth factor binds a tyrosine kinase receptor, Ras gets GTP bound (now active), phosphorylate MAPK and initiates phosphorylation cascade

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5
Q

Scopalamine

A

selective muscarinic AchR antagonist. decreases Ach activity in places like the gut (can be used for GI issues with AchEI treatment for Myasthenia Gravis)

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6
Q

MCC of Croup (brassy cough, stridor)?

A

Paramyxovirus (parainfluenza)

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7
Q

Calicivirus (aka Norwalk)?

A

Gastroenteritis

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8
Q

where does HPV like to infect?

A

stratified squamous epithelium (e.g. cervix, true vocal cords, anus).

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9
Q

Embryologic mechanism of TOF?

A

abnl neural crest migration –> deviation of the infundibular septum

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10
Q

Fibrate MOA?

A

inhibit cholesterol 7alpha hydroxylase.

needed for bile acid synthesis –> results in less cholesterol solubility and cholesterol gallstones

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11
Q

cat scratch disease?

A

Bartonella henslae

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12
Q

Bartonella henslae

A

self limited - fever and lymphadenopathy
from cat scratch
assoc w - bacillary angiomatosis, culture negative endocarditis.

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13
Q

malignant otitis externa from swimming pool

A

pseudomonas aerigonasus

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14
Q

hot tub folliculitis

A

pseudomonas

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15
Q

neutrophil migration?

A

leukotriene B4 (then 5HETE, C5a, and IL8)

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16
Q

where do cephalosporins bind?

A

penicillin binding proteins = TRANSPEPTIDASES

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17
Q

Meglitinides

A

similar to sulfonylureas

bind and close ATP dependent K channels in pancreatic beta cells (more depolarization, more insulin release)

18
Q

Tx BPH and HTN?

A

alpha1 blockers (Doxazosin, Prazosin, and Terazosin)

19
Q

Clozapine

A

use: Tx resistant Schizophrenia or Schizophrenia + suicidal
AR: agranulocytosis, Sz, myocarditis, metabolic syndrome

20
Q

Toxic Shock

A

SuperAg interaction with MHC molecules on APCs
Tcells release IL2
Macs release IL1

21
Q

NNH

A

1/Absolute Risk

22
Q

Absolute risk

A

rate of adverse event in experimental group vs control

23
Q

Secretory phase of menstrual cycle?

A 
second half (after ovulation)
Progestrone (from corpus luteum) --> glandularization,  thicker mucus, engorged spiral arteries
24
Q

what structure is most susceptible to injury during hysterectomy?

A

ureter! (unilateral so can still produce urine)

25
Q

Glycogen synthesis regulation?

A

rate limiting enzyme: glycogen synthase
active when DEphosphorylated by insulin pathway
breakdown: activated by PKA (GPCR) via glucagon

26
Q

Insulin receptor activation

A

Tyr kinase - activates IRS1
MAPK –> mitogenic
PI3K –> metabolic: GLUT4 to membrane, fat and glycogen synthesis (through protein phosphatase).

27
Q

TX of exophthalmus in Graves?

A

Steroids!

28
Q

Mucormycosis

A

DKA, black eschar on nasal septum

biopsy: broad non septate hyphae, RIGHT Angle brr

29
Q

Gout

A

Needle-shaped, negative birefringent crystals

30
Q

MCC bronchiolitis in kids <2?

A

RSV (diffuse wheezes and crackles)

31
Q

Drugs to avoid in elderly

A 
anticholingeric (first gen antihistamines) 
alpha blockers 
TCAs
Benzos/ sedating meds 
antipsychotics 
antiarrhyx 
skeletal MM relaxants
32
Q

angiomatosis

A

knots of capillaries
vonHipple Lindau
Bacillary angiomatosis (Bartonella/cat scratch)
Sturge-Webber (port wine stain)

33
Q

Centriacinar emphysema

A

heavy smoking

proteinases (elastase) from PMNs & Macs

34
Q

C Diphtheriae culture

A 
black colonies on cysteine-tellurite agar 
metachromatic granules (IC) seen w methylene blue staining
35
Q

epiglottitis?

A

H. flu

36
Q

virulence factor for H Flu

A

PRP

37
Q

digoxin elimination?

A

kidney

38
Q

Reverse Transcriptase PCR?

A

mRNA

39
Q

Osteomyelitis in SCD

A

Salmonella - motile G (-)
non lactose fermenting, oxidase neg
capsule (Vi Antigen)

40
Q

Chronic interstitial nephritis

A

analgesic nephropathy - chronic NSAID use

ischemic papillary necrosis

UWorld Review (3 decks)

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