Missed Concepts Flashcards
MCC of Spontaneous lobar hemorrhage (esp in elderly)?
cerebral amyloid angiopathy (MC lobes? occipital & Parietal)
Transference
unconscious shifting of emotions for a person in the PAST to a person in the present
Displacement
expressing unacceptable feelings meant for someone in their present life to a “safer” person
KRAS gene and RAS protein
G-protein coupled receptor protein. growth factor binds a tyrosine kinase receptor, Ras gets GTP bound (now active), phosphorylate MAPK and initiates phosphorylation cascade
Scopalamine
selective muscarinic AchR antagonist. decreases Ach activity in places like the gut (can be used for GI issues with AchEI treatment for Myasthenia Gravis)
MCC of Croup (brassy cough, stridor)?
Paramyxovirus (parainfluenza)
Calicivirus (aka Norwalk)?
Gastroenteritis
where does HPV like to infect?
stratified squamous epithelium (e.g. cervix, true vocal cords, anus).
Embryologic mechanism of TOF?
abnl neural crest migration –> deviation of the infundibular septum
Fibrate MOA?
inhibit cholesterol 7alpha hydroxylase.
needed for bile acid synthesis –> results in less cholesterol solubility and cholesterol gallstones
cat scratch disease?
Bartonella henslae
Bartonella henslae
self limited - fever and lymphadenopathy
from cat scratch
assoc w - bacillary angiomatosis, culture negative endocarditis.
malignant otitis externa from swimming pool
pseudomonas aerigonasus
hot tub folliculitis
pseudomonas
neutrophil migration?
leukotriene B4 (then 5HETE, C5a, and IL8)
where do cephalosporins bind?
penicillin binding proteins = TRANSPEPTIDASES
Meglitinides
similar to sulfonylureas
bind and close ATP dependent K channels in pancreatic beta cells (more depolarization, more insulin release)
Tx BPH and HTN?
alpha1 blockers (Doxazosin, Prazosin, and Terazosin)
Clozapine
use: Tx resistant Schizophrenia or Schizophrenia + suicidal
AR: agranulocytosis, Sz, myocarditis, metabolic syndrome
Toxic Shock
SuperAg interaction with MHC molecules on APCs
Tcells release IL2
Macs release IL1
NNH
1/Absolute Risk
Absolute risk
rate of adverse event in experimental group vs control
Secretory phase of menstrual cycle?
second half (after ovulation) Progestrone (from corpus luteum) --> glandularization, thicker mucus, engorged spiral arteries
what structure is most susceptible to injury during hysterectomy?
ureter! (unilateral so can still produce urine)
Glycogen synthesis regulation?
rate limiting enzyme: glycogen synthase
active when DEphosphorylated by insulin pathway
breakdown: activated by PKA (GPCR) via glucagon
Insulin receptor activation
Tyr kinase - activates IRS1
MAPK –> mitogenic
PI3K –> metabolic: GLUT4 to membrane, fat and glycogen synthesis (through protein phosphatase).
TX of exophthalmus in Graves?
Steroids!
Mucormycosis
DKA, black eschar on nasal septum
biopsy: broad non septate hyphae, RIGHT Angle brr
Gout
Needle-shaped, negative birefringent crystals
MCC bronchiolitis in kids <2?
RSV (diffuse wheezes and crackles)
Drugs to avoid in elderly
anticholingeric (first gen antihistamines) alpha blockers TCAs Benzos/ sedating meds antipsychotics antiarrhyx skeletal MM relaxants
angiomatosis
knots of capillaries
vonHipple Lindau
Bacillary angiomatosis (Bartonella/cat scratch)
Sturge-Webber (port wine stain)
Centriacinar emphysema
heavy smoking
proteinases (elastase) from PMNs & Macs
C Diphtheriae culture
black colonies on cysteine-tellurite agar metachromatic granules (IC) seen w methylene blue staining
epiglottitis?
H. flu
virulence factor for H Flu
PRP
digoxin elimination?
kidney
Reverse Transcriptase PCR?
mRNA
Osteomyelitis in SCD
Salmonella - motile G (-)
non lactose fermenting, oxidase neg
capsule (Vi Antigen)
Chronic interstitial nephritis
analgesic nephropathy - chronic NSAID use
ischemic papillary necrosis
