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Hertentamen political parties > Party systes: supply side > Flashcards

Party systes: supply side Flashcards

1
Q

Aside from cleavages, what can also influence a party system?

A
  1. Electoral system
  2. how parties compete
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2
Q

How should we understand party systems?

A
  1. Electoral systems (Duverger)
  2. Counting parties (Disproportionality (Gallagher Index)
    * Quantitatively
    * Qualitatively
  3. The nature of party competition
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3
Q

Duverger Argument

A

FPTP leads to two party and proportional systems to multi party.
Not only instutional, but psychological
(voting for a tird party is useless

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4
Q

Proportionality

A

translation from votes to seats
–> Gallagher Index to measure Disproportionality
Uses a formula to calculate the differences between percentage of votes + number of seats
Single Member plurarilty (first past the post) –> most disproportional
Proportional –> the least disproportional
Sliding scale.

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5
Q

2 different kinds of electoral systems

A
  1. Single Member constituencies :
    FPTP
    2-round systems
  2. Mixed systems:
    proportional systems, closed + open lists
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6
Q

FPTP

A
  1. Single representative for a single constituency (kiesdistrict)
  2. Candidate that wins most votes in constituency is winner
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7
Q

Consequences of FPTP proportinality

A
  1. Highly disproportional –> because votes for parteis translate into amount of seats in constituency
  2. When there are less issues, the level of disproportionality is lower
  3. There tends to be an underrepresentation of low geographically concentrated parties: bias results
  4. With fragmentation + rise of new parties the voting system functions as high threshold.
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8
Q

Proportional open list

A
  1. High proportionality
  2. High number of political parties
  3. very open party system
  4. very open to changes in voters
  5. fragmentation
  6. difficult government formation
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9
Q

Proportional with majoritarian results/ closed

A
  1. Ratio of voters to seats is low (not a lot of seats for amount of people)
  2. to prevent fragmentation
  3. Smaller parties nationally less successful
  4. Regionally concentrated parties do better
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10
Q

What do electoral systems do?

A

Translate votes into seats.
Important implications for which parties get into parliament, and how cleavages are represented

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11
Q

Two ways of counting parties

A
  1. Quantiative
  2. Qualitative
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12
Q

Quantitative approach

A

Give each party a weighted score according to their electoral results.
How relevant these parties are according to their electoral results.
This can be used to assess party fragmentation, see changes in number of effective parties.

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13
Q

Party competition as way of counting

A

Need to look at how relevant a party is

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14
Q

When is a party relevant?

A
  1. Coalition potential: come into a coalition
  2. Black-mail potential: prevent a coalition
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15
Q

What is important for party competition according to Sartori//

A
  1. the number of parties
  2. the nature of competition (centrifugal/ centripetal)
  3. the degree of polarisation
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16
Q

The combination of important elements of how parties compete produces different party systems:

A
  1. Two party system: competition is towards the centre (centripetal). The centre = battleground for seats and votes
  2. Moderate Pluralist systems: many parties with limited degree of polarisation compete for the centre with alternating/ or different coalitions depending on outcome.
  3. Polarised Pluralist Systems: a multiparty system where party competition is defined by extremes (anti-system parties)
17
Q

Does Sartori still make sense? (important elements of party competition/ systems it produces)

A
  1. No: there are no anti-system parties any more
  2. No: almost all party systems are multi-party systems nowadays.
    Anti-establishment Populists could be added to anti-system,
    but they do not want to overthrow the nature of competition, they just challenge it.
18
Q

Mair’s view on party competition

A

Party competition matters, but forming a government is what party system is really about

19
Q

3 assets of government formation and competition (Mair)

A
  1. Alternation 2. innovation 3. new parties acces to office?
    These assets determine how closed or open party system is.
    Alternation:
    * wholesale: Like the UK where Labour + Tories switch governments.
    * Partial: few parties that stay in office with a few switches
    *Non-alternation: same parties stay in charge.
    innovation: whether party or party combination has governed before in that particular format.
20
Q

Closed party system

A
  1. Wholesale alternation/ no alternation
  2. familiar governing formula
  3. limited access to government for new parties.

Hertentamen political parties (11 decks)

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