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Module 5 Week 4 > Parturition Neonatal Adaptations > Flashcards

Parturition Neonatal Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

describe what occurs to the progesterone and oestradiol levels during pregnancy of cow

A

oestradiol levels; rise gradually in late pregnancy and reach peak before calving
prog levels; begin to decline & drop acutely before parturition

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2
Q

describe progesterone & oestradiol levels specifically in pregnancy of ewe

A

In ewes, progesterone rises considerably from about mid-pregnancy, and oestradiol remains low until a sudden peak just before parturition, accompanied by a sudden decline in progesterone

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3
Q

describe when and what happens to progesterone and oestradiol levels during pregnancy in the mare

A

oestrogens/oestradiol reach a peak in mid-pregnancy (2nd term), while progesterone declines to baseline when accessory CLs regress

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4
Q

name the 2 placental progestagens formed in mare placenta
when are they formed specifically

A
  • 5a-dihydroprogesterone (DHP) & allopregnenolone
  • maintain pregnancy after accessory CL’s have declined in 2nd and 3rd term of pregnancy
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5
Q

what happens to progestagen levels during mare pregnancy

A

begin to decline leading up to foaling (just like in ruminants)

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6
Q

what happens to levels of cortisol in mare pregnancy

A

rise abruptly in days leading up to parturition

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7
Q

all species appear to have a steroid hormone ratio change before parturition. what is this change?
all species also seem to have a rise in __________ in the 2 days before parturition

A

^ oestradiol : decrease in progesterone
cortisol rise

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8
Q

what does progesterone decline allow?

A

to allow myometrial activation and onset of labour –> parturition

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9
Q

where does cortisol production come from?

A

foetal adrenal glands (then travels to placenta)

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10
Q

describe the process of production of cortisol

A

foetal hypothalamus produces releasing factor CRF (corticotrope cell) which goes to the foetal anterior pituitary and releases ACTH hormone. this binds to the cortex of foetal adrenal gland which leads to release of cortisol

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11
Q

what occurs once the cortisol has been produced in the SHEEP

A

travels from fetus to placenta and induces steroid enzyme changes which allow production of oestradiol from progesterone precursors like pregnenolone

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12
Q

what does oestradiol do when progesterone levels get low? in sheep

A

induces contractility factors like oxytocin receptors and PGF2a which cause smooth muscle contractions in the myometrium

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13
Q

The rapid increase in oestradiol and decline in progesterone causes…

A

PGF2alpha synthesis in sheep placenta

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14
Q

cortisol rise–>???–>???

A
  1. ^ oestradiol & ^PGF2a –> uterus/smooth muscle contractions & cervix dilation
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15
Q

what is another important role of ^PGF2a

A

releases

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16
Q

name the 3 distinct stages of labour

A
  1. preparation stage
  2. expulsion of foetus
  3. placenta expulsion and first suckling/standing up
17
Q

how long is each stage of labour?

A
  1. hours to days
  2. minutes when foetus is in birth canal
  3. hours
18
Q

describe each stage of labour

A
  1. preparation
    -fetus changes position within uterus and enters the birth canal
    -only noticeable by behavioural and mammary gland changes
    -in cows and mares, relaxation of ligaments around the tail
    -the outer placental membrane (chorioallantois) bursts
  2. expulsion of foetus
    -abdominal contractions visible
    -fetus delivered through the birth canal in the inner placental membrane (amnion), passes through the cervix and is then expelled
  3. placenta expulsion & first suckling/standing up
    -afterbirth is delivered
    -onset of the postnatal period for neonates finding teats and suckling
    -onset of the postpartum period for the dam with onset of lactation
19
Q

what are some behavioural changes that occur in animal during stage 1 of labour which reflect PGF2alpha-induced myometrial contractions, and a prolactin increase

A

Restlessness
Vomiting (bitch)
Standing/Lying down
Sweating (pain: mare)
Raising tail
Nesting
Grumbling and licking other neonates (ewe)

20
Q

external changes to animal’s body during stage 1 of labour is due to…
internal changes to animal’s body during stage 1 of labour are due to…

A
  1. hormone changes
  2. actions of PGF2a
21
Q

list the external changes to an animals body that occur during stage 1 of labour

A

Mammary development - oedema
Waxing - dripping colostrum
Temperature drop (0.5°C)
Relaxation of pelvic ligaments
Expulsion of the cervical plug

22
Q

list the internal changes to animals body that occur during stage 1 of labour

A

Progressive myometrial activity pushing the fetus towards internal os of cervix
Cervical dilation
Appearance of the (chorio)allantois
Rupture of the (chorio) allantois

23
Q

what are some events that occur during stage 2 of labour

A

Escape of allantoic fluid
Further widening and softening of birth canal
Strong uterine contractions
strong abdominal contractions visible

24
Q

widening and softening of birth canal during stage 2 of labour is due to what hormone?

A

relaxin

25
Q

strong uterine contractions during stage 2 of labour is due to what?

A

due to PGF2alpha and oxytocin

26
Q

when foetus goes through expulsion in amnion, does the amnion burst?

A

sometimes yes sometimes no

27
Q

what is Ferguson reflex? (neuroendocrine reflex)

A

vaginal and cervical stretching leads to oxytocin release (from the posterior pituitary) causing smooth muscle (uterine and cervical) contractions which allow the baby to be pushed out

28
Q

what is N. pudendus reflex

A

vaginal stretching leads to strong abdominal contractions via a direct spinal reflex

29
Q

during stage 3 labour, expulsion of the foetal membranes occurs how long post-partum? specifically in bitch, mare and cow?

A

1-12 hours
-bitch; immediately after each/2 puppies born
-mare; 3 hours
-cow; within 12 hours

30
Q

what occurs after stage 3 labour

A

puerperium (postpartul period)

31
Q

which 3 hormones are responsible for organ maturation, generating heat, metabolic preparations for survival immediately after birth

A

cortisol hormone
catecholamine hormone
thyroid hormone

32
Q

what are the 3 hormones fighting against post birth?

A

hypoxia
hypoglycaemia
hypothermia

33
Q

a special feature of thermoregulation in the neonate is… and is due to foetal development of brown adipose tissue

A

non-shivering thermogenesis

34
Q

how is heat generated by the newborn animal?

A

Energy expenditure via shivering (skeletal muscle activity) at least until hair coat is dry
Energy expenditure via attempting to stand, and standing for the first time
Colostrum is an excellent energy source in the first 12 hours

Brown Adipose Tissue is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis in hypothermic neonates in the first 5 hours

35
Q

Brown adipose tissue is only ______ of fetal weight at term, but can be responsible for _______ of heat generation postnatally; however, it will deplete in _______

A
  1. 1-2%
  2. 100%
  3. around 5%
36
Q

what are the 3 important lung adaptations that need to occur after birth

A
  1. clearance of foetal lung fluid
  2. production of surfactant to allow take-up of breath
  3. continuous breathing pattern
37
Q

where did the 02/oxygenated blood come from?

A

placenta

38
Q

what 3 features make sure the oxygenated blood gets shunted straight into aorta to supply the foetal organs (these 3 need to be closed up once baby has been born as now supply should be from lungs)

A

ductus venous
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus (DA)

39
Q

what can occur if the 3 features are not closed up after birth?

A

animal may remain stunted and not grow up as much as the other animals

Module 5 Week 4 (7 decks)

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