Mammary Glands

Question 1

What are mammary glands
-function
-present in what genders
-post natally only develop in…

Answer 1

Modified skin glands (sweat glands)
-nourish young
-present in both sexes (male rabbits don’t have teats)
-females- in female development continues during puberty an pregnancy

Question 2

Mammary glands are exocrine or endocrine?

Answer 2

Exocrine

Question 3

How many pairs of teats does each species have?
-bitch
-mare
-ewe
-pig
-queen (cat)
-goat
-cow

Answer 3

1. 5
2. 2
3. 2
4. 7 (range from 5-9)
5. 4
6. 1
7. 2

Question 4

What is the region in which teats/glands (the udder) are found in the;
-bitch
-queen
-mare
-sow (pig)
-ewe
-goat
-cow

Answer 4

1. Cranial and caudal Thoracic, cranial and caudal abdominal & inguinal region
2. Caudal Thoracic, cranial and caudal abdominal & inguinal
3. Inguinal
4. Thoracic, abdominal & inguinal
5. Inguinal
6. Inguinal
7. Inguinal but can extend from vulva to umbilicus8

Question 5

Name the 4 glands found in the bovine (cow)

Answer 5

Hindquarters 2x
Forequarter 2x

Question 6

What runs down the middle of the left and right halves of the bovine udder?

Answer 6

The inter mammary groove (on anki)

Question 7

function of the suspensory apparatus of the udder

Answer 7

supports the weight of the lactating bovine udder

Question 8

what does the suspensor apparatus consist of?

Answer 8

medial laminae (paired & elastic)
lateral laminae (collagenous)

Question 9

what is the tunica flava and what animal is it found in
Function

Answer 9

highly elastic fascia found in large animals which supports weight of abdominal contents
(on anki)

Question 10

each pair of ligaments of suspensory apparatus is derived from what?

Answer 10

medial ligamanets–> derived from tunica flava
lateral ligaments–> derived from extension of the aponeurotic tendon of the exteneral abdominal oblique

Question 11

all components of the milk in the udder are derived from what?

Answer 11

the blood

Question 12

name the structures found in the udder

Answer 12

on ankii

Question 13

name the structures found in the alveoli of the udder

Answer 13

on anki

Question 14

are teat canals always open?

Answer 14

nope close between milkings

Question 15

what do the myoepithelial cells do?

Answer 15

surround alveoli and eject milk into branching duct system

Question 16

what type of epithelium is found in the glandular parenchyma?

Answer 16

simple cuboidal secretory epithelium

Question 17

function of the lactiferous sinus

Answer 17

storage of milk in between milkings

Question 18

why is closure of teat in between milkings important?

Answer 18

defence agasint microbial influx

Question 19

what type of epithelium is found in the teat canal/papillary duct

Answer 19

stratified squamous

Question 20

how long can closure of teat duct by teat sphincter take/

Answer 20

around 30mins

Question 21

what type of muscle is teat sphincter?

Answer 21

smooth muscle (surrounds the teat duct)

Question 22

when substances are passing through cell mebrane to get the lumen of the alveolis, do all substances need a transporter?

Answer 22

no ot all e.g wateral, vitamins, minerals, immunoglobulins
howveer others like proteins, fat and lactose need transporters as they are produced in the secretory cells

Question 23

for each litre of milk how many litres of blood have to pass through tissue?

Answer 23

500

Question 24

name the main arterial supply to lactating bovine udder

Answer 24

external pudendal artery

Question 25

through which canal does the external pudendal artery transport in?

Answer 25

inguinal canal

Question 26

as the external pudendal artery enters udder, what happens to it?

Answer 26

splits into cranial and caudal mammary arteries & these form little capillaries

Question 27

name the 2 venous drainage routes of the lactating udder

Answer 27

external pudendal & subcutaneous abdominal (milk vein) vein

Question 28

which of the venous drainage routes only develops during first pregnancy? why does it form?

Answer 28

subcutaneous abdominal; vessels anastomose and join together and form new route when the one external pudendal route proves to be not enough for the volume of drainage

Question 29

lymph drainage in the bovine udder is important for what?

Answer 29

drain excess tissue fluid and take it back to blood vascular system close to heart

Question 30

describe the lymphatic drainage system of the bovine udder

Answer 30

starts at blind ended capillaries; excess fluid drains into them; they in turn build into bigger lyphatics; pass through superficial inguinal lymph nodes, enter body cavity through inguinal canal and drain into blood vascular system

Question 31

name the 2 mammary lymph nodes found in the bovine udder

Answer 31

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 32

what can occur to the lymph nodes if mammal suffering form mastitis?

Answer 32

can become enlarged

Question 33

name the 4 nerves found in bovine udder

Answer 33

iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, pudendal nerves (location on anki)

Question 34

which nerve is invloved in the milk let down reflex?

Answer 34

genitofemoral

Question 35

milk let down reflex
-milk stored in finer branches of gland and in alveolu on becomes available when what occurs?

Answer 35

-oxytocin released from hypothalamus

Question 36

milk production is dependant on levels of… and…

Answer 36

prolactin and regular removal of milk

Question 37

weaning results in regression. what does that mean?

Answer 37

regression- loss of secretory cells

Question 38

Size of the bovine udder depends on…

Answer 38

sexual maturity
Functional status
Individual breed
Supernumerary teats common in hindquarters