parts of the cell notes pt. 1

Question 1

what does the cell membrane do?

Answer 1

functions in movement of materials in and out of the cell

Question 2

what is the fluid mosaic model made out of?

Answer 2

side by side phospholipids arranged in a bilayer

Question 3

what is in the solid part (the mosaic) of the model?

Answer 3

a variety of proteins which are partially or wholly embedded in the bilayer

Question 4

each phospholipid has what?

Answer 4

two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate head

Question 5

what has cell walls?

Answer 5

plants and bacteria

Question 6

what is the cell wall made out of?

Answer 6

cellulose (a polysaccharide)

Question 7

what does the cell wall do?

Answer 7

provides structural support

Question 8

what is the nucleus?

Answer 8

a large, centrally located organelle

Question 9

what is the nucleus surrounded by?

Answer 9

the nuclear envelope

Question 10

what is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 10

it is a double membrane, with pores for molecules to enter and exit.

Question 12

where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 12

the nucleus

Question 13

what is DNA attached to?

Answer 13

histones (wounded into coils with DNA)

Question 14

the combination of DNA and histone proteins are known as what?

Answer 14

chromatin

Question 15

what are the chromosomes function?

Answer 15

to package DNA during cell division, and control protein + lipid synthesis (ie. making of proteins)

Question 16

what is the nucleus envelope a continuation of?

Answer 16

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

what is the function of the nucleus ?

Answer 17

determines the metabolism, growth rate, shape, function of the cell and cell reproduction.

Question 18

how is mRNA passed to the cytoplasm?

Answer 18

through the pores of the envelope

Question 19

where is the nucleoli?

Answer 19

within the nucleus

Question 20

the nucleoli stains ____?

Answer 20

dark

Question 21

what does the nucleoli do?

Answer 21

it synthesizes and stores the two subunits of ribosomes ribonucleic acid (rRNA)

Question 22

what is the Endoplasmic Reticulum? (ER)

Answer 22

they are membranous tubular canals, which branch throughout the cytoplasm within the cell.

Question 23

if ribosomes are ATTACHED to the ER, it is called what?

Answer 23

rough ER

Question 24

what does the rough ER do?

Answer 24

protein synthesis

Question 25

if NO ribosomes are attached, what is it called?

Answer 25

smooth ER

Question 26

what does the smooth ER do?

Answer 26

synthesis of lipids

Question 27

what two main components are synthesized in the smooth ER?

Answer 27

phospholipids and cholesterol

Question 28

what does the ER membranes provide?

Answer 28

an increase in surface are due to the numerous folds, where chemical reactions can occur.

Question 29

what do the channels of the reticulum provide?

Answer 29

strange sites, for products synthesized by the cell and transportation routes.

Question 30

what’s another function for the reticulum?

Answer 30

it is the cells membrane factory

Question 31

what must proteins pass through before they are ready to perform their functions?

Answer 31

the golgi apparatus

Question 32

what do ribosomes consist of?

Answer 32

rRNA and protein

Question 33

each ribosome is made of two what?

Answer 33

non-identical subunits (large and small)

Question 34

where is rRNA produced?

Answer 34

the nucleolus

Question 35

where do rRNA migrate to?

Answer 35

once joined with proteins, they pass through the nuclear pore to the cytoplasm.

Question 36

what are ribosomes used for?

Answer 36

for protein synthesis

Question 37

what are polysomes

Answer 37

they are free-floating structures within the cytoplasm

Question 38

what do polysomes produce?

Answer 38

proteins, which are used for within the cell

Question 39

what is a golgi apparatus?

Answer 39

stacks of flattened, hollow cavities enclosed by membranes

Question 40

where is the golgi apparatus located?

Answer 40

near the nucleus and ER

Question 41

a stack of half-dozen or more golgi apparatus’ is called a what?

Answer 41

saccules

Question 42

what does each sac contain in the GA?

Answer 42

enzymes

Question 43

what does the golgi apparatus do?

Answer 43

modifying, packaging, secreting, transporting, and labeling of substances

Question 44

what happens within the golgi apparatus?

Answer 44

proteins are sorted out, labeled, and packaged into vesicles.

Question 45

where do vesicles go?

Answer 45

transported where needed within the cell, or moved to cell membrane for external use by exocytosis

Question 46

what is a vesicle?

Answer 46

a small vacuole

Question 47

how are vesicles and vacuoles formed?

Answer 47

pinching off the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, or pinching off the cell membrane

Question 48

what are vacuoles’ function?

Answer 48

for storage and transportation of materials (enzymes, proteins, hormones)

Question 49

what vesicles take products out of the cell?

Answer 49

secretory vesicles

Question 50

how many central vacuoles do plants have?

Answer 50

one

Question 51

the plant cells’ vacuole functions in:

Answer 51

water storage
nutrient storage
waste storage

Question 52

what is turgor pressure?

Answer 52

cell support, when filled the plant cells stay rigid