Parts of the Cell Notes(All After Lysosomes) Flashcards
What is a lysosome?
A special vesicle which is formed by the golgi apparatus
What is something lysosomes contain?
They contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes
What are some functions of lysosomes?
cellular digestion – e.g. bacteria or viruses
• Digestion or disposal of damaged cell components like mitochondria (to recycle organic molecules
• breakdown of a whole cell (by releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm) when the cell dies; valuable cells parts are recycled; more room for other cells to grow or new cells to form. E.g. RED BLOOD CELLS only live 90-120 days.
Lysosomes are known to contain over ___ different enzymes that can digest almost anything in the cell, including proteins, RNA, DNA, and carbohydrates.
40
What two digestive processes do lysosomes involve themselves in and appear?
Phagocytosis—-}”cell eating”
Pinocytosis——-}”cell drinking”
What do lysosomes help destroy?
Invading bacteria
What is mitochondria surrounded by?
A double-layered membrane
How many membranes does the mitochondria have?
2; an inner and outer
What does the inner layer membrane of the mitochondria look like?
The inner layer is convoluted into shelf-like folds called cristae
Where is the ATP produced in the mitochondria?
The enzymes responsible for cellular respiration are arranged in assembly-line fashion, on the cristae, which is where the ATP is produced
What is the cytoplasm with the mitochondria called?
Matrix
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Cellular respiration; it converts glucose into Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP, which is the cell’s primary energy molecule
Where are plastids found?
Plant cells only
What are plastids?
Membrane-bound structures that usually contain pigments and give plant cells their colours
Diff. between chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts(starch storage)?
Chloroplasts and Chromoplasts have colour, and leucoplasts are colourless
What are chloroplasts?
These are the double-membrane bound organelles in which photosynthesis(the conversion of light energy to carbohydrates) occurs.
What is chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll is the chemical that absorbs the energy of the sun is i provide the energy required for reducing CO2 to glucose
Inside the chloroplast are membranous stacks of _____ where the chlorophyll is located. Each coin is called a _____
Grana
Thylokoid
The _____, where carbohydrates are produced, is the cytoplasm within chloroplasts
Stroma
Centrioles are only in ____ cells
Animal
What are centrioles?
They are two cylindrical bodies, located near the nucleus
How do Centrioles show up?
Show up in pairs, at right angles to each other
What does the centrioles look like?
Short cylinders with a circular pattern of microtubular triplets?
Each animal cell has ____ pair of centrioles lying at right angles to each other next to the nucleus
One
Functions of Centrioles?
Gives rise to basal bodies, assist in the formation of the spindle apparatus in cell division
What do basal bodies do?
Basal bodies direct the formation of cilia and flagella
What are Cytoskeletons?
The network of filamentous proteins structures within the cell
What does the cytoskeleton aid with?
It helps to maintain shape, anchor organelles, or help the organelles move as necessary
What are the primary constituents of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules and actin filaments
What are microtubules?
Hollow, cylinder aggregates of tube-like structure that help give the cell shape and form; also involved in other cell processes
What are microtubules made up of?
It is made up of 13 rows of tubulin proteins arranged to form a hollow tube(in a helical shape)
Microtubules functions
Moves material within the cell, cell movement, cytoskeleton structure
serves in moving materials within the cell (serve as a “track” for the vesicles to move along), cell movement (e.g. amoebas or phagocytosis in WBC), cytoskeleton structure
What are microfilaments?
Long, thin, contractile rods that appear responsible for the movement of cells (both external and internal movement)
What are microfilaments made up of?
Actin or myosin proteins, proteins responsible for muscle contractions.
made up of double filaments arranged in a helical pattern, with each filament consisting of a numerous globular proteins joined together
Microfilament functions:
serve in anchoring organelles and moving them within the cell; cell movement; cytoskeleton structure.
What are Cilia?
Short, hair-like projections. It consisted of membrane-bound cylinder, with a 9+2 arrangement of micro tubules
Cilia functions
They function in cell movement
Cilia are _____ than flagella
shorter
Movement of Cilia
Beat stiffly( like oars), in one direction
Movement of Flagella
beat in undulating whip-like fashion
