Parts Of Speech - Grade 12 Flashcards
1
Q
Define the term ‘parts of speech’.
A
Parts of speech are groups of words that obey certain rules about how they can be used in a sentence.
2
Q
How many parts of speech are there?
A
8
3
Q
List the 8 parts of speech used in the English language.
A
Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Determiners Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions
4
Q
What is a noun?
A
A noun is a word that is used to name a thing, a person, a place or an idea.
5
Q
Name 5 types of nouns.
A
Concrete nouns Common nouns Proper nouns Abstract nouns Collective nouns
6
Q
What are concrete nouns?
A
Concrete nouns are those that can be proven to exist through the five senses.
7
Q
Which two categories can concrete nouns be divided into?
A
Common nouns
Proper nouns
8
Q
What are common nouns?
A
Common nouns name things in general terms, for example, woman.
9
Q
Are common nouns written with a capital?
A
Common nouns are not written with a capital unless they are used to start a sentence.
10
Q
What are proper nouns?
A
Proper nouns name a person, place or thing of which there is only one, for example, Nelson Mandela.
11
Q
Are proper nouns written with a capital?
A
Proper nouns are always written with a capital.
12
Q
What are abstract nouns?
A
Abstract nouns name things that cannot be seen or touched, for example ‘joy’ or ‘corruption’.
13
Q
Which 2 forms are used to refer to the size of a noun?
A
The diminutive form
The augmentative form
14
Q
What is the purpose of the diminutive form?
A
The diminutive form indicates smallness.
For example, a small drop is a droplet.
15
Q
What is the purpose of the augmentative form?
A
The augmentative form indicates great size or importance.
For example, hypermarket or megastar.
16
Q
Which 2 forms are used to refer to the gender of a noun?
A
The male form
The female form
17
Q
What is a plural noun?
A
A plural noun is a noun that refers to more than one of something.
18
Q
Discuss 4 rules for forming plural nouns.
A
- The usual way to form the plural of a noun is by adding an ‘s’ to the end of the singular form of the noun.
- If a noun ends in an ‘s’, ‘ss’, ‘x’, ‘ch’, ‘sh’ or ‘o’, we add ‘es’ to form the plural.
- If a singular noun ends in ‘y’ the plural ending is ‘res’ - unless there is an ‘a’, ‘e’ or ‘o’ before the ‘y’, in which case we just add an ‘s’ to form a plural.
- If the singular noun ends in ‘f’ of ‘fe’ the plural ending is ‘res’.
19
Q
What are irregular plural nouns?
A
Plural nouns that are formed in other ways than the 4 accepted ways are called irregular plural nouns or exceptions
20
Q
Provide 3 examples of irregular plural nouns?
A
child becomes children
formal becomes formulae
mother-in-law becomes mothers-in-law
21
Q
What are collective nouns?
A
Collective nouns indicates groups of common nouns.
22
Q
Provide 2 examples of collective nouns.
A
A crowd of people
A variety of options
23
Q
Which of the following sentences uses the collective noun correctly?
- A crowd of people is waiting for the shop to open.
- A crowd is waiting for the shop to open.
A
Both sentences are correct. You are not required to use ‘of’ and a plural noun along with a collective noun.
24
Q
What are countable nouns?
A
Countable nouns are things like apples and dogs that can be counted.
They usually have an ‘s’ at the end of the word and are plural nouns.
25
What are uncountable nouns?
Uncountable nouns are things like electricity and advice that do not have a plural form and cannot be counted.
26
What is a noun classifier?
A noun classifier is the unit of measurement used to refer to certain amounts of an uncountable noun like 500 grams of flour.
27
What are compound nouns?
Compound nouns are made up out of two words, such as 'passer-by' and 'haircut'.
28
What are possessive nouns?
Possessive nouns show who or what owns something
29
How do we make singular possessive nouns?
We make singular nouns into possessive nouns by adding an apostrophe and an 's'.
30
How do we make plural possessive nouns?
We make plural nouns that en in an 's' into possessive nouns by adding an apostrophe.
We make plural nouns that do not end in an 's' into possessive nouns by adding an apostrophe and an 's'.
31
What are Gerunds?
A gerund is a noun that has been made from a verb ending with 'ing'.
32
Provide a sentence that contains a gerund.
I want to get into marketing.
33
What are noun phrases?
Noun phrases are phrases that function like a noun in a sentence.
34
How can you identify noun phrases?
The pronoun it can be used to replace the entire phrase rather than simply replacing a single noun in the phrase.
35
Correct the following sentence:
| Have you bought some electricities?
Have you bought some electricity?
36
Correct the following sentence:
| Fenleigh Girls High School provides an excellent academic programme.
Fenleigh Girls' High School provides an excellent academic programme.
37
Correct the following sentence:
| The crowd are getting angry.
The crowd is getting angry.
38
Identify and classify the nouns in the sentence below:
| Have you bought some electricity?
Electricity - singular, uncountable common noun
39
Identify and classify the nouns in the sentence below:
| Fenleigh Girls' High School provides an excellent academic programme.
Fenleigh Girls' High School - proper noun (noun phrase)
| Girls' - plural possessive noun
40
Identify and classify the nouns in the sentence below:
| The crowd is getting angry.
Crowd - collective noun (singular form)
41
What are pronouns?
Pronouns are words that stand in the place of nouns and noun phrases.
They help to make sentences more concise.
42
List 7 types of pronouns.
```
Personal pronouns
Possessive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
Relative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns
Negative pronouns
```
43
What are personal pronouns?
Personal pronouns stand in the place of proper nouns.
44
What is an error of case?
An error of case is when a pronoun is not in its right form.
45
In which part of the sentence can personal pronouns be found?
Personal pronouns can act as the subject or object of the sentence.
46
List 5 singular personal pronouns that act as a the subject of a sentence.
```
I
You
He
She
It
```
47
List 3 plural personal pronouns that act as the subject of a sentence.
We
You
They
48
List 5 singular personal pronouns that act as a the object of a sentence.
```
Me
You
Him
Her
It
```
49
List 3 plural personal pronouns that act as the object of a sentence.
Us
You
Them
50
What are possessive pronouns?
A possessive pronoun stands in the place of a possessive determiner and a noun.
51
List 5 examples of possessive pronouns.
```
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Ours
Theirs
Its
Whose
```
52
What is the difference between a possessive determiner and a possessive pronoun?
Possessive pronouns stand on their own while possessive determiners are followed by the object of which they indicate possession.
53
Change the sentence below to include a possessive pronoun:
| The piano is my piano.
The piano is mine.
54
When do we use reflexive pronouns?
When the subject and the object of a clause refer to the same thing than we use a reflexive pronoun as the object.
55
Provide 3 sentences that contain reflexive pronouns.
You must talk to her yourself.
I am proud of myself.
We considered it ourselves.
56
Provide 5 examples of reflexive pronouns.
```
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Themselves
Ourselves
Itself
```
57
What are demonstrative pronouns?
Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns that direct someone's attention at something, and they are often used for emphasis.
58
Provide 4 examples of demonstrative pronouns.
This
That
These
Those
59
When do we use 'this' as a demonstrative pronoun?
We use 'this' to refer to something nearby.
60
When do we use 'that' as a demonstrative pronoun?
We use 'that' to refer to something further away.
61
When do we use 'these' as a demonstrative pronoun?
We use 'these' to refer to a collection of things nearby.
62
When do we use 'those' as a demonstrative pronoun?
We use 'those' to refer to a collection of things further away.
63
What are relative pronouns?
Relative pronouns relate relative subordinate clauses to the main clause in a sentence.
64
Give 3 examples of relative pronouns.
Who
That
Which
65
When do we use interrogative pronouns?
We use interrogative pronouns when we ask questions.
66
List 5 examples of interrogative pronouns.
```
What
Which
Who
Whom
Whose
```
67
When do we use the interrogative pronoun 'what'?
We use 'what' to refer to an animal, thing or action.
68
When do we use the interrogative pronoun 'which'?
We use 'which' when we are referring to on of two things or people.
69
When do we use the interrogative pronoun 'who'?
We use 'who' when we are referring to one or more people who are the subject of the verb.
70
When do we use the interrogative pronoun 'whom'?
We use 'whom' when we are referring to one or more people who are the object of the verb.
71
When do we use the interrogative pronoun 'whose'?
We use 'whose' when we are referring to the owner(s) of something.
72
What is the purpose of negative pronouns?
Negative pronouns show that something does not exist or that it did not happen.
73
Give 4 examples of negative pronouns.
Nothing
None
Nobody
No-one
74
What are adjectives?
Adjectives are used to provide information about the noun that they stand next to or refer to in a sentence.
75
List 4 types of adjectives.
Descriptive adjectives
Proper adjectives
Ordinal adjectives
Adjectival phrases
76
What are descriptive adjectives?
Descriptive adjectives provide information about a noun's size, shape, colour, origin, age or material, or can give an opinion about the noun or tell us what purpose it is used for.
77
What are proper adjectives?
Proper adjectives look similar to proper nouns (because they are written with capitals), but they function as adjectives.
Many proper adjectives are descriptive adjectives that refer to a noun's origin.
78
What are ordinal adjectives?
Ordinal adjectives indicate the position of the noun in an ordered sequence.
79
What are adjectival phrases?
Adjectival phrases are phrases that do the work of an adjective.
80
List the 3 forms of adjectives.
Positive form
Comparative form
Superlative form
81
What is the positive form of an adjective?
A simple descriptive adjective that refers to just one thing is said to be in its positive form.
82
What is the comparative form of an adjective?
An adjective that compares two things is in its comparative form.
83
What is the superlative form of an adjective?
An adjective that compares three or more things is in its superlative form.
84
What is a short adjective?
A short adjective has a single syllable.
85
How do you change a short adjective from its positive form to its comparative form?
To change a short adjective from its positive form to its comparative form we add 'er' to the end of the word.
86
How do you change a short adjective from its positive form to its superlative form?
To change a short adjective from its positive form to its superlative form we add 'est' to the end of the word.
87
What is a longer adjective?
A longer adjective has two or more syllables.
88
How do you change a longer adjective from its positive form to its comparative form?
To change a longer adjective from its positive form to its comparative form we write the word 'more' in front of it.
89
How do you change a longer adjective from its positive form to its superlative form?
To change a longer adjective from its positive form to its superlative form we write the word 'most' in front of it.
90
Change the adjective 'fast' into its comparative and superlative forms.
Comparative form - faster
| Superlative form - fastest
91
Change the adjective 'happy' into its comparative and superlative forms.
Comparative form - happier
| Superlative form - happiest
92
Change the adjective 'nervous' into its comparative and superlative forms.
Comparative form - more nervous
| Superlative form - most nervous
93
Change the adjective 'destructive' into its comparative and superlative forms.
Comparative form - more destructive
| Superlative form - most destructive
94
Change the adjective 'good' into its comparative and superlative forms.
Comparative form - better
| Superlative form - best
95
Change the adjective 'bad' into its comparative and superlative forms.
Comparative form - worse
| Superlative form - worst
96
Change the adjective 'far' into its comparative and superlative forms.
Comparative form - farther/further
| Superlative form - farthest/furthest
97
What is the purpose of a determiner?
We can put a determiner in front of a noun to indicate various things such as whether we are referring to a specific or general example of something, or to indicate information about quantity, distance, possession, categories and relationships.
98
List 7 types of determiners.
```
The definite article
The indefinite article
Quantifiers
Demonstrative determiners
Possessive determiners
Interrogative determiners
Relative determiners
```
99
What is the definite article?
The definite article is the determiner that refers to a specific example of something.
100
How many definite articles are there?
One.
101
Provide an example of the definite article.
The
102
What are indefinite articles?
Indefinite articles are determiners that do not refer to a specific example of something but to an unspecified member of a group.
103
How many indefinite articles are there?
Two
104
List the indefinite articles.
A
| An
105
When do we use 'an'?
We use 'an' before a word that starts with a vowel sound.
106
When do we use 'a'?
We use 'a' before all words that start with a consonant.
107
What are quantifiers?
Quantifiers are determiners that indicate the quantity of the noun to which they refer.
108
Provide 3 examples of quantifiers that specify the exact quantity of the noun.
One
Nine
Any three numbers
109
Provide two examples of quantifiers that only give a general indication of the amount.
Some
| Many
110
What are demonstrative determiners?
Demonstrative determiners help to show what is being referred to.
It is as if the speaker is pointing to the noun as he/she speaks, and indicating if it is close by or not.
111
What is the difference between demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative determiners?
The difference is in the sentence structure. The demonstative pronoun takes the place of the noun phrase. The demonstrative determiners is always followed by a noun.
112
What are interrogative determiners?
Interrogative determiners are used in questions.
113
What is the difference between interrogative pronouns and interrogative determiners?
The difference is in the sentence structure. The interrogative pronoun takes the place of the noun. The interrogative determiners is always followed by a noun.
114
Name the 3 interrogative determiners.
Which
What
Whose
115
What are relative determiners?
Relative determiners link a noun to something else within the sentence, or to concepts such as all of something or a limited or an unlimited number of things.
116
What is the difference between relative pronouns and relative determiners?
Relative pronouns link clauses within a sentence while the relative determiner links the noun itself to something else in the sentence.
117
What are verbs?
Verbs describe actions or indicate situations.
118
What are multi-word verbs?
Multi-word verbs are verbs that are made up of more than one word.
119
What are finite verbs?
Finite verbs can stand alone without an auxiliary verb but they must have a subject.
Verbs that indicate the past, present or future tense are called finite verbs.
120
Give an example of a finite verb.
He laughs.
121
What are non-finite verbs?
Non-finite verbs do not belong to a particular tense and they do not change form to match a subject.
122
Name 3 types of non-finite verbs.
Base verbs
Infinitives
Participles
123
What is a base verb?
A base verb is the simple form of a verb, for example, laugh.
124
When does a base verb become a non-finite verb?
When the base form is used after a finite verb it is a non-finite verb.
125
Give an example of a base verb becoming a non-finite verb?
I will laugh. Will is a finite verb and laugh becomes the non-finite verb.
126
What are participles?
Participles are formed when we combine an auxiliary verb with a finite verb + ing or ed.
127
Name 2 types of participles.
Past participle
| Present participle
128
Define the term 'past participle'.
Past participles are used to refer to actions that are finished.
However, they can be used as part of multi-word verbs that belong to any tense.
Auxiliary verb + finite verb + ed
129
Define the term 'present participle'.
Present participles are used to refer to actions that are ongoing.
However, they can be used as part of multi word verbs that belong to any tense.
Auxiliary verb + finite verb + ing
130
What are the 2 parts of a multi-word verb?
Main verb and auxiliary verb
131
Which verb in a multi-word verb is the main verb?
The last verb in a multi-word verb is the main verb.
