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All Science - Biology > Parts of a Plant, Reproduction, and Plant Functions > Flashcards

Parts of a Plant, Reproduction, and Plant Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two broad systems that specialized tissues and structures in plants make up?

A

Shoot system and root system

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2
Q

What does the shoot system primarily consist of?

A

Leaves, stems, reproductive structures (like flowers, fruit, seeds)

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3
Q

What does the root system consist of?

A

Roots

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4
Q

What are leaves in plants?

A

The mostly flat green parts of plants

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5
Q

What is the flat part of a leaf called?

A

Lamina, or leaf blade

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6
Q

What is the part of the leaf that attaches to the stem?

A

Petiole, or leaf stalk

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7
Q

Why are leaves typically large and flat?

A

To expose as many chloroplasts to sunlight as possible

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8
Q

What is the role of a leaf?

A

Where photosynthesis happens, and it’s involved in the transpiration of water

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9
Q

Example of leaf with specialized functions (result: weird shape/colour)

A

Pine needle

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10
Q

What are the red flowers in the Poinsettia plant actually?

A

Specialized structures called bracts

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11
Q

In the Poinsettia plant, where are the actual flowers? What do they look like?

A

Between the bracts, small and yellow

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12
Q

What are bracts?

A

Specialized leaves that attract pollinators like bees and birds to flowers

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13
Q

What do pollinators’ pollen contain, which is useful for flowers

A

The sperm, which they transfer from flower to flower

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14
Q

Describe stems in plants.

A

Structure that forms the core of the shoot system

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15
Q

What are the two parts that stems are divided into?

A

Nodes and internodes

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16
Q

What are nodes?

A

Where buds grow into leaves, other stems, or flowers

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17
Q

What are internodes?

A

The parts of stem between nodes

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18
Q

Most plant stems are found: above-ground or below-ground

A

Above-ground

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19
Q

Example of a plant whose stems are below-ground

A

Potato plant

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20
Q

What is the part of the potato plant we eat called? What is it?

A

Tuber, it’s a specialized underground stem which stores the plant’s nutrients

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21
Q

What is the role of a stem?

A

Provide support for plant; place for leaves, flowers, fruit to grow; keeps leaves facing the sun; transport water and nutrients up from roots; transport products of photosynthesis down from leaves; store nutrients

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22
Q

What are some human uses for plant stems?

A

Sugar from sugar cane stems, making maple syrup from maple tree stems (trunks), paper and wood, cinnamon from cork, cork from bark (outer layer of tree stems)

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23
Q

Define bark.

A

The outer layer of tree stems

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24
Q

What is a trunk in plants?

A

The stem of a tree

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25
Q

What is the root system?

A

System of structures usually found below ground

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26
Q

What is the role of roots?

A

To anchor plant to ground; take up water & minerals needed for growth and development; store food, nutrients; provide means of reproduction called vegetative reproduction (asexual)

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27
Q

Roots need oxygen even though they’re usually below-ground. How do they get this?

A

From the oxygen found naturally between grains of soil.

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28
Q

What happens to roots if the surrounding soil is saturated (filled with water) and oxygen is forced out?

A

The plant will start to produce roots aboveground

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29
Q

Roots can have three different general shapes. What are these and their actual names?

A

Thin and hairlike (fibrous), short and thick (taproots), somewhere in between (e.g., buttress roots)

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30
Q

Plants can reproduce two ways. Name them and elaborate.

A

Asexually (offspring have one parent) - E.g., green algae by fission (splitting) and fragmentation (breaking apart)
Sexually (offspring have parents from each sex) by releasing gametes (reproductive cells)

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31
Q

What are spores?

A

Reproductive cells than can procreate without fusing with another cell (unlike seeds that form when gametes join)

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32
Q

Give a synonym for fission.

A

Splitting

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33
Q

Give an explanation of fragmentation.

A

Breaking apart

34
Q

Spores have everything they need to grow into a _____ _____

A

Multicellular plant

35
Q

Spores will grow under _____ conditions.

A

Good

36
Q

Where are spores found in? Give examples

A

Non-seed bearing plants like green algae, mosses and ferns

37
Q

Where are spores often located on? How are they carried around?

A

Underside of leaves, carried around by wind/rain

38
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of spores?

A

Less likely to be eaten by animals than seeds, but in danger of consumption from bacteria and fungi

39
Q

What do flowers provide in terms of reproduction?

A

A way for sperm to find eggs, leading to fertilization, developing seeds

40
Q

What are sepals in plants?

A

Green structures surrounding flower

41
Q

What are petals in plants?

A

Inside sepals, modified leaves that serve similar function as bracts (attract pollinators)

42
Q

What are stamens in plants?

A

Inside petals, contain filament with pollen-producing cells

43
Q

What is a carpel in plants?

A

Inside stamens, contains ovary (where egg is)

44
Q

What needs to happen for a seed to start developing in a flower?

A

Another flower’s pollen must enter the ovary, and fertilize ovule

45
Q

What are seeds?

A

Embryonic plants enclosed in protective seed coats

46
Q

What are embryonic plants?

A

Immature plants

47
Q

What does the endosperm contain in a seed?

A

Stored nutrients, rich in oil, starch, protein

48
Q

How can seeds be dispersed?

A

Wind (if seed is light/structured specifically; water; animals (can have barbs to attach, or be eaten and dispersed by droppings)

49
Q

Are spores more advanced than seeds?

A

No, seeds are more advanced than spores

50
Q

Where are seeds present in? What are these seeds covered in?

A

Gymnosperms (covered by cones’ scales), and angiosperms (covered with fruit)

51
Q

What are cones?

A

Parts of conifers that contain reproductive structures

52
Q

Female cones produce ____

A

Ovules

53
Q

Are male cones larger or smaller than female cones? What do male cones do?

A

Smaller, produce pollen (yellowish powder)

54
Q

What does pollen look like?

A

A yellowish powder

55
Q

What do ovules become when fertilized with pollen?

A

A seed

56
Q

Male and female cones are usually on the same plant. Are females on higher or lower branches than males? Why?

A

Higher, it prevents self-fertilization so that pollen of one conifer is likely to be carried by wind to female cones of different conifer

57
Q

What is fruit and where are they only found?

A

The result of maturation of one or many flowers, only in angiosperms

58
Q

What is fruit in cooking?

A

And sweet plant product

59
Q

What is fruit in botany?

A

The ripened ovary of a seed bearing plant containing the seeds

60
Q

What is the ovary wall in a seed also called?

A

The pericarp

61
Q

What happens in angiosperms as a seed develops?

A

The ovary ripens and ovary wall becomes either fleshy (like apples & berries) or forms a hard covering (like nuts)

62
Q

Give examples of fruit that is considered fruit botanically.

A

Beans, corn, tomatoes, peanuts, cucumbers, rice…

63
Q

What are autotrophs, as in what do they do? What are they unique to?

A

Self-feeding, unique plant feature, make their own food from inorganic materials through photosynthesis

64
Q

What are heterotrophs, as in what do they do? Give an example.

A

Get food from outside of itself, ex. humans

65
Q

Thoroughly define photosynthesis.

A

Process in which plants convert light energy captured by chloroplasts to chemical energy needed for survival

66
Q

What do chlorophyll pigments use to form carbohydrates? What do these carbohydrates do?

A

They use water & carbon dioxide from air, carbohydrates store energy

67
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Compounds including all simple and complex sugars

68
Q

Give an example of a simple sugar.

A

Sucrose

69
Q

Give two examples of complex sugars.

A

Starch and cellulose

70
Q

Where are carbohydrates stored in plants (give three)

A

Leaves and stems (potatoes), fruit (as pectin), roots (carrots)

71
Q

What is respiration the opposite of?

A

Photosynthesis

72
Q

What is the process of respiration in plants?

A

Oxygen reacts with sugar in plant cell, releasing the sugar’s chemical energy. This is transferred to a new molecule called ATP, which is then transported around cell, performing tasks. This process releases carbon dioxide and water.

73
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

74
Q

Unlike photosynthesis, respiration can happen both _____.

A

day and night

75
Q

What is transpiration in plants?

A

Term for evaporation of water from the surface of leaves and stems

76
Q

What is transpiration a necessary part of?

A

Photosynthesis and respiration

77
Q

Water produced through respiration exits the plant through _____. Define this word.

A

Stomata, small pores in leaf that open and close

78
Q

What does the stomata do that is necessary for photosynthesis?

A

Lets carbon dioxide enter plant

79
Q

How does water initially enter a plant through the roots? How does it travel through the plant and how does it exit?

A

By osmosis, water travels up plant through xylem, exits leaf through stomata

80
Q

How do plants conserve water when it’s limited? What is the outcome of this? What, then, does the plant use to operate?

A

Plant closes stomata, decreases water evaporation, but also decreases amount of carbon dioxide that can enter the cell. Decreased rates of photosynthesis, slowing growth. Can use stored energy

81
Q

Since plants can’t move to find energy/water, how have the adapted ways to supply their needs?

A

Balance between water and nutrient uptake in roots, and energy uptake in leaves. Plant cell and plant body’s anatomy allow plants to react to various habitats

All Science - Biology (4 decks)

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