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All Science - Biology > Introduction and Plant Cells > Flashcards

Introduction and Plant Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the cell first discovered?

A

1665

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2
Q

Who discovered the cell?

A

Robert Hooke, an English scientist

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3
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic units of life, which make up all living things

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4
Q

What are the three main parts of cell theory?

A

All living things are made up of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
Cells only come from cell division.

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5
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Organisms which are made up of large and complex cells

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6
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Organisms which are made up of small and simple cells

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7
Q

Two examples of eukaryotes…

A

Animals and plants (have eukaryotic cells)

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8
Q

Example of a prokaryote…

A

Bacteria (have prokaryotic cells)

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9
Q

Three examples of the similar life functions cells carry out…

A

Growth, metabolism, reproduction

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10
Q

What are organelles?

A

The subcellular structures that are responsible for specific functions in a cell

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11
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Rigid outermost layer of a plant cell, makes the cell stiff, providing mechanical support, protection

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12
Q

Animal cells do not have: cell wall or cell membrane

A

Cell wall

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13
Q

What is the cell membrane, what does it do, where is it found in plant cells, and what is it made of?

A

Protective layer surrounding every cell, separates cell from external environment, found inside the cell wall, made up of lipids and proteins

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14
Q

What is cytoplasm? What is dissolved in it?

A

Thick, aqueous (water-based) solution in which organelles are found. Substances like salts, nutrients, minerals, and enzymes are dissolved in it

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15
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Molecules involved in metabolism

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16
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

‘Control center’ of cell, contains DNA

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17
Q

The nucleus is only found in…

A

Eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

It separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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19
Q

What are ribosomes and where are they found?

A

Small round structures that produce proteins, found in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

What does ER stand for?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

21
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum, what does it do?

A

Membrane of folded sacs and tunnels, helps transport and export proteins

22
Q

What are the types of ER?

A

Smooth and rough ER

23
Q

Rough ER are covered in what?

A

Ribosomes

24
Q

What is the Golgi body, what does it do?

A

Stack of membrane-covered sacs that prepare proteins for export

25
Q

What is the mitochondrion and what does it do?

A

‘Power house’ of cell, converts energy stored in food into energy molecules for the cell’s use

26
Q

What are the energy molecules produced by mitochondria called?

A

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP

27
Q

What is the lysosome, what does it do?

A

Digestive center of cell, produces enzymes that break down food and recycle used components of cell

28
Q

What are vacuoles, what is their purpose?

A

Large balloons surrounded by membranes, store wastes as well as useful products like water, mainly found in plants

29
Q

What is the use of chloroplasts?

A

Contain green pigment that traps sunlight and converts it to sugars through photosynthesis, makes energy for plants and animals that eat them

30
Q

What makes plant cells unique?

A

Have a cell wall, contain vacuoles, contain chloroplasts

31
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Carbohydrates molecules cellulose and lignin

32
Q

Example of what humans use cellulose for…

A

Paper

33
Q

What animals can digest cellulose, how do they do it?

A

Cows, sheep, goats… with help of bacteria in stomach

34
Q

Since humans can’t digest cellulose, what happens to it when we ingest it? What use does it have, and what is another name for it?

A

Passes through body, keeps waste moving, also called dietary fiber

35
Q

What does lignin do - why is it important in plants?

A

Fills in spaces between cellulose and other molecules in cell wall, helps water move from one side of cell wall to the other

36
Q

How many vacuoles do most adult plant cells contain?

A

One

37
Q

How much % volume does an adult plant cell’s vacuole take up?

A

Over 30% - 80%

38
Q

How does a vacuole help support the cell, what is this called?

A

Uses liquid inside it that exerts an outward pressure on cell, called turgor pressure, keeps cell from collapsing inward

39
Q

What pigment do chloroplasts contain? What does it do?

A

Chlorophyll - green pigment, gives leaves their colour, absorbs light energy

40
Q

What is ‘cyanobacteria’, what is it considered to be?

A

Prokaryote capable of photosynthesis, considered to be ancestor of chloroplasts

41
Q

What do red algae (multicellular marine algae)’s chloroplasts contain, different than other plants? What does it do?

A

Contains pigment phycobilin rather than chlorophyll, gives them reddish colour

42
Q

Give examples of the many organelles plants and animals have in common.

A

Nucleus, cell membrane (plasma membrane in animals), endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, cytoplasm

43
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of living things

44
Q

What is an organism?

A

Any form of life

45
Q

What is a multicellular organism?

A

Organism made up of many cells

46
Q

Another word for physiology…

A

Functioning

47
Q

Reasons plants are important to human life…

A

Produce oxygen, source of food, medicine

48
Q

What is the range of size in plants?

A

<1 cm to 100m

49
Q

What do all plants have in common?

A

The structure of their cells

All Science - Biology (4 decks)

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