Parts of a Cell (Key Terms Sheet) Flashcards
Describe the Plasmid
Small circles of DNA , used to exchange DNA between bacterial cells.
Describe Circular DNA
Contains genetic information to let cells replicate. Not associated with protein.
Describe the Cell Wall
Made of peptidoglycan (murein). Protects against cell damage.
Describe the Cytoplasm
Contains enzymes for metabolic reactions and amino acids which are used to make proteins.
Describe the Capsule
Thick polysaccharide layer outside of the cell for protection. Helps groups of bacteria stick together for more protection.
Describe the Nucleus.
Storage site of genetic information, the site of DNA replication and its transcription to RNA (mRNA and tRNA). Manufactures ribosomal RNA and ribosomes.
Describe the Mitochondria
Release energy/produce atp for aerobic respiration.
Double membrane - controls entry and exit of material.
Contains CRISTAE (shelf like extensions of inner membrane - large SA for enzymes in respiration to attach to) and MATRIX (contains enzymes for respiration)
Describe Ribosomes
80s type in eukaryotic cells (bigger)
70s type in prokaryotic
Make proteins (enzymes)
Describe Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Provides surface for ribosomes to bind to for protein synthesis. Provides pathway for transport of materials around the cell.
Describe Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates
Describe the Golgi Body
Modifies polypeptide chains into mature proteins. Sorts and ships lipids for secretion or use within the cell. Makes secretory enzymes. Forms glycoproteins. Modifies proteins and lipids are transported in golgi vesicles.
Describe Lysosomes
Break down and recycle materials in the cell.
Creates proteases, lipase and lysozyme
Describe the Flagellum
Tail for movement and helps spin cell through fluid.
Describe Cell Membrane
Partially permeable.
Contains a phospholipid bilayer, intrinsic proteins (span membrane), extrinsic proteins (on surface), cholesterol (stability) and glycolipids (recognition site).
What does centrifugation do?
Helps separate organelles
Describe Chloroplasts (plants)
Has a double plasma membrane - highly selective
Have Grana - stacks of disc like structures called thylakoids, chlorophyll is contained here (first stage photosynthesis)
Have Stroma - Fluid filled matrix (2nd stage of photosynthesis)
Describe Vacuole (plants)
Fluid filled sac bound by single-membrane (tonoplast) and contains salts, sugars, waste and pigments.
Function: Support - turgid, temporary food storage, pigments may colour petals - attracts insects
Describe cell wall in plants
Consists of microfibrils of cellulose - middle lamella - thin layer which marks the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements them together.
Function: Mechanical strength, pathway for water transplant in the plant.
Describe cell wall in algae
Cellulose or glycoproteins or a mixture of both.
Describe cell wall in fungi
Do not contain cellulose but chitin, glycan and glycoproteins
