Cell Structure (Chapter 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Bacteria don’t have nucleus/nuclear membrane while eukaryotic do.
  • Nucleotide structure is similar in both
  • Bacteria don’t have membrane bound organelles while eukaryotic do.
  • Bacteria don’t have mitochondria, eukaryotic do.
  • Bacteria have 70s/smaller ribosomes, eukaryotic have 80s/larger ribosomes.
  • Bacteria have murein/peptidoglycan cell wall but eukaryotes don’t.
  • Bacteria cells are smaller than eukaryotes.
  • Bacteria have circular DNA while eukaryotes have linear DNA held in chromosomes.
  • Bacteria have capsules while eukaryotes don’t
  • Bacteria are not associated with histones while eukaryotes are.
  • Eukaryotes have introns but bacteria don’t
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2
Q

What is centrifuagtion used for?

A

Helps to separate organelles, most dense organelle is separated first, forming a pellet which is removed. Supernatant contains other organelles which can spin again.

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3
Q

Why is centrifugation cold?

A

Slows down the digestion/stops enzyme activity to prevent digestion of organelles.

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4
Q

Why is centrifugation isotonic?

A

Prevents osmosis - so no lysis/bursting/shrinking of organelles.

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5
Q

Why is a buffer used in centrifugation?

A

Prevents damage to enzymes/proteins (denaturing) and maintains pH.

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6
Q

Why are cells Homogenised in Centrifugation?

A

To break open cell membrane and release contents (organelles). Filter to remove unbroken cells/larger debris.

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7
Q

Compare DNA in Chloroplasts vs Nucleus

A
  • Shorter in chloroplast
  • Few genes in chloroplast
  • DNA is circular in chloroplasts but linear in the nucleus
  • DNA is not associated with proteins/histones in chloroplast but are in DNA
  • No introns in chloroplast DNA but are in nuclear DNA
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8
Q

Describe the process of Centrifugation

A

1) Chop up cells (e.g. grind with pestle and mortar)
2) Cells are homogenised
3) Place in cold, isotonic, buffer solution
4) Filter and centrifuge filtrate
5) Organelle making up most of the pellet after being spun at low speed.
6) Centrifuge supernatant at higher speed

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9
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = Image/Object

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10
Q

Define Magnification

A

Being able to enlarge something

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11
Q

Define Resolution

A

Ability to distinguish two points close together

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12
Q

What is the difference between TEM and SEM microscopes?

A

TEM - black and white

SEM - 3D images

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13
Q

What are the benefits of an electron vs light microscope?

A

Electron has higher resolution because electron beam has a shorter wavelength so can see smaller objects.

Light microscopes can produce coloured images and can look at living cells.

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14
Q

Why must objects be very thin to be viewed?

A

They must be a single layer so that light can pass through them.

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15
Q

What is the eyepiece graticule?

A

A glass disc fitted into the eyepiece of the microscope.The scale of this is important as this is what is calibrated.

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16
Q

What is the stage micrometer?

A

Small microscope slide with an engraved fine and accurate scale. Used to calibrate the eyepiece graticule.

17
Q

How do you use an eyepiece graticule?

A

1) Measure object (e.g. stoma) using eyepiece graticule.
2) Calibrate eyepiece graticule against stage micrometer/ruler/graph paper.
3) Take several measurements to calculate a mean.

18
Q

Define Artefact

A

Things that results from the preparation of the specimen. Not part of actual specimen.

19
Q

List the Organelles in order of highest to lowest density

A
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
20
Q

Define mitosis

A

The process which makes 2 identical daughter cells which is used for growth, differentiation and repair.

21
Q

In what order are the stages of mitosis

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

22
Q

Describe the process of interphase

A

G1 - Organelles synthesized and cells grow
Synthesis Phase - DNA is replicated and amount of DNA doubles (same no. of chromosomes)
G2 Phase - Organelles grow, energy stores increase

23
Q

Describe the process of prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible, chromosomes appear as chromatids joined by the centromere, nuclear envelope disappears and the nucleolus disappears

24
Q

Describe the process of metaphase

A

Spindle formed and chromosomes/chromatids attached to spindle fibre by their centromere.
Chromosomes/chromatids line up at the equator of the cell

25
Q

Describe the process of anaphase

A

Centromere splits and sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of the cells.

26
Q

Describe the process of telophase

A

Nuclear envelope reforms and spindle disintegrates and chromosomes uncoil/become thinner.

27
Q

Describe viral replication

A

Non-living cells cannot undergo cell division so replicate by attaching to host cells with the attachment proteins on their surface.

Inject nucleic acid into a host cell which combines with host cell DNA, starts producing viral components and are assembled into new proteins.

28
Q

What is the process called when bacteria replicate their genetic material?

A

Binary Fission

29
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A

Circular DNA molecules replicate and both copies attach to the cell membrane then plasmids replicate.

Cell membranes grow between the two DNA molecules, the cells pinches inward between the two DNA molecules, dividing the cytoplasm.

New cell wall forms between the two DNA molecules.

30
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrollable cell division because the genes which regulate mitosis become damaged.

31
Q

What are the roles of the spindle fibres?

A

To pull the chromatids apart for the centromeres to attach to.

32
Q

Why must root tips be squashed?

A

To create a layer one cell thick to let light through.

33
Q

How do you make the mitotic index accurate?

A

Examine lots of cells to get a representative sample and repeat count to ensure that figures are correct.

34
Q

Describe the principles of using a transmission electron microscope to investigate cell structure.

A

1) Electrons pass through / enter (thin) specimen;
2) Denser parts absorb more electrons;
3) (So) denser parts appear darker;
4) Electrons have short wavelength so give high resolution;