Cell Structure (Chapter 3) Flashcards
Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Bacteria don’t have nucleus/nuclear membrane while eukaryotic do.
- Nucleotide structure is similar in both
- Bacteria don’t have membrane bound organelles while eukaryotic do.
- Bacteria don’t have mitochondria, eukaryotic do.
- Bacteria have 70s/smaller ribosomes, eukaryotic have 80s/larger ribosomes.
- Bacteria have murein/peptidoglycan cell wall but eukaryotes don’t.
- Bacteria cells are smaller than eukaryotes.
- Bacteria have circular DNA while eukaryotes have linear DNA held in chromosomes.
- Bacteria have capsules while eukaryotes don’t
- Bacteria are not associated with histones while eukaryotes are.
- Eukaryotes have introns but bacteria don’t
What is centrifuagtion used for?
Helps to separate organelles, most dense organelle is separated first, forming a pellet which is removed. Supernatant contains other organelles which can spin again.
Why is centrifugation cold?
Slows down the digestion/stops enzyme activity to prevent digestion of organelles.
Why is centrifugation isotonic?
Prevents osmosis - so no lysis/bursting/shrinking of organelles.
Why is a buffer used in centrifugation?
Prevents damage to enzymes/proteins (denaturing) and maintains pH.
Why are cells Homogenised in Centrifugation?
To break open cell membrane and release contents (organelles). Filter to remove unbroken cells/larger debris.
Compare DNA in Chloroplasts vs Nucleus
- Shorter in chloroplast
- Few genes in chloroplast
- DNA is circular in chloroplasts but linear in the nucleus
- DNA is not associated with proteins/histones in chloroplast but are in DNA
- No introns in chloroplast DNA but are in nuclear DNA
Describe the process of Centrifugation
1) Chop up cells (e.g. grind with pestle and mortar)
2) Cells are homogenised
3) Place in cold, isotonic, buffer solution
4) Filter and centrifuge filtrate
5) Organelle making up most of the pellet after being spun at low speed.
6) Centrifuge supernatant at higher speed
What is the equation for magnification?
Magnification = Image/Object
Define Magnification
Being able to enlarge something
Define Resolution
Ability to distinguish two points close together
What is the difference between TEM and SEM microscopes?
TEM - black and white
SEM - 3D images
What are the benefits of an electron vs light microscope?
Electron has higher resolution because electron beam has a shorter wavelength so can see smaller objects.
Light microscopes can produce coloured images and can look at living cells.
Why must objects be very thin to be viewed?
They must be a single layer so that light can pass through them.
What is the eyepiece graticule?
A glass disc fitted into the eyepiece of the microscope.The scale of this is important as this is what is calibrated.