Particulates (11/1) Flashcards
What is particulate matter?
- Complex mixture of solid and liquid
- Not homogenous
- Organic compounds, trace metals, ionic species, water
- Pollutant in the atmosphere
Particulate matter: primary
- Emitted directly into atmosphere from air pollution sources
- Ex) Motor vehicles, food cooking, wood burning etc.
Particulate matter: secondary
- Particles formed in atmosphere by gas-phase reactions that form condensable products.
- Ex) Sulfate, nitrate, secondary OC’s
Particulate matter: natural
- Particles from natural source that are not impacted by human activity
- Ex) Sea spray, wind blown dust, forest fires
Particulate matter: anthropogenic
Resulting from human activity
London Smog Disaster of 1952
Airborne pollutants from the use of coal created a smog over the city.
Health effects from what different types of exposure is most well understood by public health officials?
- Occupational exposure to diesel particulate
- CO poisoning
- Industrial accidents
- Environmental tobacco smoke
Most people who die of air pollution also die of ______.
Heart attacks
What are the health impacts of air pollution (PM)?
- Respiratory disease
- Cardiovascular disease
- Cancer
- Autoimmune disorders
- Metabolic syndrome
- Reproductive impacts
- Neurological development
What were the most common types of diseases associated with air pollution from solid fuels and particulate matter?
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Chronic respiratory diseases
- Diarrhea, respiratory infections, other infectious diseases
Where (on earth) are the most deaths that are attributable to air pollution?
North Asia
Where are the most deaths from climate change?
(South) Africa
What is the US EPA standard for particulate matter? Annual average? 24-hour average?
US EPA: 2.5
Annual average: 12
24 hour: 35
What are some emissions from roadways?
- Tailpipe emissions from diesel and gas-powered vehicles
- Resuspended road dust.
- Tire & break ware
What happens to people with lung transplants that live near roadways?
Your chance of surviving a lot time is lower.
What were the results of the LA subway system study?
- It looked at PM exposure in underground (red) & above ground (gold).
- Underground (red) had most fine (especially) and coarse PM exposure.
What are some challenges to understanding impacts?
- Large spatial variability
- Large temporal variability
- Human susceptibility differs.
- We’re concerned with short and long-term exposure.
What is a source apportionment?
- Emphasizes that quantitative understanding of sources is necessary for development of effective controls.
- Key approaches
•Chemical transport models
• Receptor Models
Which type of vehicle gives most air pollution?
trucks
Micro-Macrophage Assay
- PM2.5 samples were collected in filters.
- Rat Alveolar macrophage.
- We can make epidemiological relationship between macrophage assay and human health.
Lots of pollution comes from industrial pollution that is controlled vs. not controlled.
false
Blood pressure in rural china study results
- As particulate matter goes up, increase in systolic BP for women over 50
Which type of smoke is worst for blood pressure?
black smoke
What did village near roadway study find?
There is the highest risk factor for people who have indoor cook stoves and live close to the roadway.
What is main air pollution problem in Baghdad?
- Power generation limited.
- Everyone has own generator
•Huge diesel emissions
