Particulates (11/1)

Question 1

What is particulate matter?

Answer 1

• Complex mixture of solid and liquid
• Not homogenous
• Organic compounds, trace metals, ionic species, water
• Pollutant in the atmosphere

Question 2

Particulate matter: primary

Answer 2

• Emitted directly into atmosphere from air pollution sources
• Ex) Motor vehicles, food cooking, wood burning etc.

Question 3

Particulate matter: secondary

Answer 3

• Particles formed in atmosphere by gas-phase reactions that form condensable products.
• Ex) Sulfate, nitrate, secondary OC’s

Question 4

Particulate matter: natural

Answer 4

• Particles from natural source that are not impacted by human activity
• Ex) Sea spray, wind blown dust, forest fires

Question 5

Particulate matter: anthropogenic

Answer 5

Resulting from human activity

Question 6

London Smog Disaster of 1952

Answer 6

Airborne pollutants from the use of coal created a smog over the city.

Question 7

Health effects from what different types of exposure is most well understood by public health officials?

Answer 7

• Occupational exposure to diesel particulate
• CO poisoning
• Industrial accidents
• Environmental tobacco smoke

Question 8

Most people who die of air pollution also die of ______.

Answer 8

Heart attacks

Question 9

What are the health impacts of air pollution (PM)?

Answer 9

• Respiratory disease
• Cardiovascular disease
• Cancer
• Autoimmune disorders
• Metabolic syndrome
• Reproductive impacts
• Neurological development

Question 10

What were the most common types of diseases associated with air pollution from solid fuels and particulate matter?

Answer 10

• Cancer
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Chronic respiratory diseases
• Diarrhea, respiratory infections, other infectious diseases

Question 11

Where (on earth) are the most deaths that are attributable to air pollution?

Answer 11

North Asia

Question 12

Where are the most deaths from climate change?

Answer 12

(South) Africa

Question 13

What is the US EPA standard for particulate matter? Annual average? 24-hour average?

Answer 13

US EPA: 2.5
Annual average: 12
24 hour: 35

Question 14

What are some emissions from roadways?

Answer 14

• Tailpipe emissions from diesel and gas-powered vehicles
• Resuspended road dust.
• Tire & break ware

Question 15

What happens to people with lung transplants that live near roadways?

Answer 15

Your chance of surviving a lot time is lower.

Question 16

What were the results of the LA subway system study?

Answer 16

• It looked at PM exposure in underground (red) & above ground (gold).
• Underground (red) had most fine (especially) and coarse PM exposure.

Question 17

What are some challenges to understanding impacts?

Answer 17

• Large spatial variability
• Large temporal variability
• Human susceptibility differs.
• We’re concerned with short and long-term exposure.

Question 18

What is a source apportionment?

Answer 18

• Emphasizes that quantitative understanding of sources is necessary for development of effective controls.
• Key approaches
  •Chemical transport models
  • Receptor Models

Question 19

Which type of vehicle gives most air pollution?

Answer 19

trucks

Question 20

Micro-Macrophage Assay

Answer 20

• PM2.5 samples were collected in filters.
• Rat Alveolar macrophage.
• We can make epidemiological relationship between macrophage assay and human health.

Question 21

Lots of pollution comes from industrial pollution that is controlled vs. not controlled.

Answer 21

false

Question 22

Blood pressure in rural china study results

Answer 22

• As particulate matter goes up, increase in systolic BP for women over 50

Question 23

Which type of smoke is worst for blood pressure?

Answer 23

black smoke

Question 24

What did village near roadway study find?

Answer 24

There is the highest risk factor for people who have indoor cook stoves and live close to the roadway.

Question 25

What is main air pollution problem in Baghdad?

Answer 25

• Power generation limited.
• Everyone has own generator
  •Huge diesel emissions