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Year 1 - Physics > Particles Revision Cards > Flashcards

Particles Revision Cards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nucleon number?

A

The number of protons and neutrons added together. Otherwise referred to as atomic mass.

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2
Q

What’s the charge of a proton and electron?

A

Proton = 1.6 x 10 - 19
Electron = - 1.6 x10 -19

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3
Q

What is the mass of a proton and neutron?

A

1.67 x10 -27

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4
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

9.11 x 10 -31

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5
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

0.0005

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6
Q

What do all atoms not have in common?

A

Atomic Number otherwise proton number.

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7
Q

What is the symbol for atomic number?

A

Z

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8
Q

What does the number of electrons define about the atom?

A

The elements reaction and chemical behaviour.

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9
Q

What does the proton number define about an atom?

A

Chemical properties

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10
Q

What is Nuclide Notation?

A

The diagram that is used to show or calculate the atomic number and mass number of elements.

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11
Q

What is the symbol of mass number?

A

A

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12
Q

Define Specific Charge?

A

Specific Charge is the atoms ratio of charge to its mass.

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13
Q

What is the units for specific charge?

A

C Kg -1

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14
Q

What is the equation for specific charge?

A

Specific charge = Charge / Mass

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15
Q

What is a fundamental particle?

A

A particle which cannot be split into smaller particles.

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16
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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17
Q

What property does an isotope of an atom differ from the original atom?

A

The stability of the atoms nucleus.

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18
Q

What does a higher number of neutrons do to the nucleus?

A

Makes it more unstable and be more likely to be radioactive and decay.

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19
Q

What is isotopic data?

A

The amounts of different isotopes that are present.

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20
Q

How do you work out a specific charge question?

A
  1. Work out mass in the nucleus
  2. Work out charge in nucleus and add that to charge of electron
  3. Put these values in specific charge equation
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21
Q

What does electromagnetic force do to an atoms?

A

Causes positive charged protons in the nucleus to repel each other.

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22
Q

What does gravitational force do to the nucleus?

A

Causes all nucleons to attract to each other due to their mass.

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23
Q

What force is larger: Gravitational or Electromagnetic?

A

Electromagnetic

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24
Q

What is strong force?

A

A repulsive force at 0.5 fm and attractive at 3 fm. This force works at equal distances between all nucleons and gives the nucleus structure so it doesn’t collapse with the separation distances between the nucleons

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25
Q

What is nuclear decay?

A

When unstable nuclei emit particles to become more stable

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26
Q

What is alpha decay?

A

When an atom has its nucleon number decrease by 4 and its atomic number by 2.

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27
Q

What is the symbol for alpha decay?

A

α

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28
Q

What is the range of alpha particles?

A

A few cm in air.

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29
Q

What is the symbol for beta minus decay?

A

β–

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30
Q

What is beta minus decay?

A

When proton number increases by 1 and neutron number stays the same and produce an electron anti-neutrino

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31
Q

What is neutron rich?

A

Neutron Rich is where a nucleus has too many neutrons compared to protons.

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32
Q

Why does Beta Minus decay happen?

A

When an atom is unstable because it is neutron rich and ejects a neutron to a proton to become more stable. And the anti-neutrino and electron is produced to ensure proper conservation of energy.

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33
Q

Who significantly enhanced the research into beta minus decay and the anti-neutrino?

A

Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 when he gave evidence that went original theory of just electron produced because conservation of mass didn’t work and this left over energy was the anti-neutrino.

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34
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

The spectrum with all frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

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35
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of waves that pass a point per second

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36
Q

What is wavelength?

A

Distance between 2 adjacent crests

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37
Q

What is the relationship in the electromagnetic spectrum between energy of a wave and its frequency?

A

The higher the frequency the more energy it has

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38
Q

What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Radio Waves -> Microwaves -> Infared -> Visible Light -> UV -> X-ray -> Gamma Rays

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39
Q

What did Max Planck study?

A

He studied black body radiation and suggested EM waves could only be released in packets

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40
Q

What are packets of EM waves also referred to as?

A

Quanta

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41
Q

What is the speed of light?

A

3x10-8 ms-1

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42
Q

What is the number of Planck’s constant?

A

6.63x10-34 Js

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43
Q

What is the equation to work out the energy of a photon?

A

E = hf
Energy = Plancks Constant x frequency

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44
Q

What is the equation to work out the frequency of an electromagnetic photon?

A

F = Hc/λ
Frequency = Planck’s Constant x Speed of Light / Wavelength

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45
Q

How do you resolve Planck’s Constant and frequency of a photon?

A

hf=hc/λ
Planck’s Constant x Frequency = Planck’s Constant x Speed of light / Wavelength

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46
Q

What does each particle have?

A

Each particle has a corresponding anti-particle

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47
Q

What is the substance which make particles and anti-particle?

A

Particles are made up of matter and anti-matter

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48
Q

How is an anti-particle defined?

A

A particle with the same mass and rest energy but a different charge

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49
Q

What is the rest energy and mass of a proton?

A

Rest Energy = 938.3 MeV
Mass = 1.673 x10 -27 kg

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50
Q

What is the rest energy of a neutron and it’s mass?

A

Rest Energy = 939.6 MeV
Mass = 1.675 x 10-27 kg

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51
Q

What is the rest energy and mass of an electron?

A

Rest Energy = 0.511 MeV
Mass = 9.11x10-31 kg

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52
Q

What is Einstein’s theory in relation to pair production?

A

Energy and Mass can be converted between the each other

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53
Q

What is the definition of pair production?

A

Pair Production is when energy is converted into mass and you get equal amounts of matter and anti-matter

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54
Q

What is two condition of pair production?

A

It can only happen if there’s enough energy to produce the particles mass.
Conservation of mass and energy of the anti-particles and particles has to happen

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55
Q

What happens if additional particles or anti-particles are created in pair production?

A

Their corresponding particle or anti-particle will be produced

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56
Q

What a higher energy photon in a pair production reaction: positron-electron pair or a proton anti-proton pair

A

Positron-electron pair

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57
Q

When are electron-positron pairs made?

A

Typically when a photon passes near a nucleus

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58
Q

What happens to an electron-positron pair produced in a detector?

A

Particles curves away in opposite directions because they are applied in a magnetic field and have opposite charges

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59
Q

Why is total rest energy significant in pair production?

A

It is the minimum energy to allow the pair production happen for the particles or antiparticles involved

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60
Q

What is rest energy?

A

The energy which is required to change the particles mass into energy

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61
Q

What is the symbol for rest energy and minimum energy for pair production?

A

Rest Energy = E 0
Minimum Energy in Pair Production = 2E 0

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62
Q

What is the equation for pair production?

A

Emin = 2E0
Minimum Energy in MeV = 2 x rest energy in produced particle

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63
Q

What is the typically most common pair in production?

A

Electron-Positron pairs as they have a relatively low mass and hence energy to interact successfully

64
Q

What is annihilation?

A

When a particle meets and interacts with its antiparticle

65
Q

What happens in the process of annihilation?

A

Mass of particles get converted into energy and produces 2 gamma ray photons

66
Q

In annihilation why don’t antiparticles appear as ordinary matter?

A

They only exist for a fraction of a second before the annihilation process

67
Q

What is the equation for annihilation?

A

E min = E 0
Minimum Energy of a single photon = rest energy of annihilated particle

68
Q

How are Gamma Rays produced?

A

Gamma rays are produced in pairs and travel in opposite directions

69
Q

How are protons held together?

A

They use strong force that make them repel each other and keep a stable separation distance

70
Q

What are the particles that feel strong force?

A

Hadrons

71
Q

What are the two types of hadrons?

A

Meson’s and Baryon’s

72
Q

What are hadrons made up of?

A

Quarks

73
Q

What are Sigmas?

A

Σ is the symbol for sigma particle and they are baryons that aren’t made up of ordinary matter as they contain strange particles

74
Q

What is the only stable baryon?

A

A FREE proton

75
Q

How do baryons end up as a free proton?

A

They get unstable and decay until they are in the stable baryon state of a free proton

76
Q

What is the name of an anti-particle made baryon?

A

Anti-Baryon

77
Q

Why aren’t anti-baryons made of ordinary matter?

A

This is because their antiparticle annihilates them

78
Q

What is a quantum number?

A

A quantum number is a number which must be conserved in all interactions

79
Q

What is the Baryon Number of baryons and anti-baryons?

A

Anti-Baryons = -1
Baryons =1
Non-Baron = 0

80
Q

What happens to Baryon Number in decay interactions?

A

Remains Constant

81
Q

What fundamental force causes Beta decay?

A

Weak Force

82
Q

What is the equation for Beta Minus Decay?

A

n -> p + e+ νe (Line on Top)

83
Q

What is another name for Beta-Minus decay?

A

Neutron Decay

84
Q

What are the two types of Hadrons?

A

Baryons and Mesons

85
Q

How to Mesons interact with Baryons?

A

Through the strong force

86
Q

What are the lightest mesons?

A

Pions

87
Q

What is the anti-particle of a hadron that has the power of 0?

A

Itself
For example π 0 has the anti-particle π 0

88
Q

What are the exchange particles for strong force?

A

Pions

89
Q

Name 2 properties of kaons?

A

Have a short lifespan and decay into pions

90
Q

What are cosmic rays?

A

High energy particles constantly hitting the Earth

91
Q

What are cosmic ray showers?

A

Where cosmic rays interact with particles in the Earth’s atmosphere and produce high energy particles in a reaction involving pions and kaons

92
Q

How can cosmic ray showers be observed?

A

Using a cloud chamber and seeing if 2 Geiger Counter’s on top of each other detect simultaneously indicating a cosmic ray shower detected

93
Q

What force are Leptons not affected by?

A

They are a fundamental particle which isn’t affected by strong force

94
Q

What fundamental force do Leptons react with?

A

Weak Force

95
Q

What happens to Leptons if they contain a charge?

A

If Leptons contain a charge they can react with Electromagnetic Force or Gravitational Force

96
Q

What is the stable Lepton?

A

Electrons

97
Q

What is the name of this hadron: μ?

A

Muon

98
Q

What is a property of muons?

A

They are heavy electrons that are unstable and will eventually decay into an electron

99
Q

What is one property of muons and electrons?

A

They both have their own neutrino and consequently seperate Lepton numbers

100
Q

What is a property of neutrinos?

A

Have almost zero mass and no electric charge

101
Q

What is the symbol for Strangeness?

A

S

102
Q

How are strange particles created?

A

They are created by strong interactions but only made in pairs

103
Q

What Hadrons do not have a strangeness?

A

Leptons

104
Q

What is a property of strangeness?

A

Strangeness is conserved in only strong interactions

105
Q

What are the only values strangeness can take?

A

-1,0,1

106
Q

In all particle reactions what happens to momentum and the amount of energy and charge?

A

They are all conserved

107
Q

What is the only way to change the composition of a hadrons quark structure?

A

Through weak interactions

108
Q

What is the charge and baryon number of an UP quark?

A

The charge is + 2/3 and its baryon number is 1/3

109
Q

What is the charge and baryon number of a DOWN quark?

A

The charge is -1/3 and its baryon number is 1/3

110
Q

What is the charge and baryon number of a STRANGE quark?

A

The charge is -13 and its baryon number is 1/3

111
Q

What does quark composition impact about a particle?

A

It changes its properties

112
Q

What are antiquarks?

A

They are subatomic particle with the opposite charge of quarks

113
Q

What are antiparticles?

A

Antiparticles are hadrons made of antiquarks

114
Q

What is the quark composition of a baryon?

A

A baryon is always made up of 3 quarks

115
Q

What is the quark composition of an antibaryon?

A

An antibaryon is made up of 3 antiquarks

116
Q

Are Leptons made up of quarks?

A

Leptons are not made up of quarks

117
Q

In terms of quark structure what is the difference between a proton and neutron?

A

A proton has a 2 Up quarks and a down quark whereas a neutron has 1 Up quark and 2 down quarks

118
Q

What is the composition of a meson?

A

A meson is made up of one quark and antiquark

119
Q

What is the composition of a pion?

A

A pion is only made up of up and down quarks and their respective antiquarks

120
Q

Who predicted the existence of quarks?

A

Murray Gell-Mann predicted their existence in 1969

121
Q

What is the structure of all the kaons?

A

K+ = Up Quark and an Anti-Strange
K- = Anti-Up and a Strange
Anti Kaon 0 = Anti-Down and a strange
K0 = Up quark and an Anti-strange

122
Q

What is the structure of all pions?

A

π + = Up Quark and Anti-Down
π - = Down and Anti-Up Quark
π 0 = Up Quark and Anti Up
Down and an Anti-Down
Strange and Anti-Strange

123
Q

What is Quark Confinement?

A

Where you cannot have a singular quark on its own. This is because the energy that is tried to remove quark makes an anti-quark of the quark trying to be removed.

124
Q

What does Beta-Minus decay involve?

A

A neutron changing into a proton

125
Q

What is the Quark Character?

A

Changing one quark into another quark

126
Q

What is the Quark Character of weak interaction?

A

Weak interaction is the only interaction which can change a down quark into an up quark

127
Q

What is an example of an element which goes through Beta Plus Decay?

A

Beta Plus decay happens in carbon-11 as well other unstable isotopes

128
Q

How does Beta Plus decay differ from Beta Minus Decay?

A

Beta Plus decay releases a positron and electron neutrino whilst turning a proton into a neutron. Beta Minus decay releases an electron and electron anti-neutrino whilst turning a neutron into a proton

129
Q

Who predicted the existence of anti matter?

A

Paul Dirac predicted the existence on antimatter in 1928

130
Q

How was the neutrino hypothesised?

A

The neutrino was hypothesised as experiments saw conservation of mass and energy didn’t occur so must be a particle which completes this

131
Q

How are all forces caused?

A

All forces are caused by particle exchange

132
Q

What is instantaneous action?

A

When 2 particles exert a force on each other a process happens which alerts both particles of the others presence

133
Q

When was the exchange particle discovered?

A

1983

134
Q

What is the name of the particle that helps allow instantaneous action?

A

Exchange Particle

135
Q

What is a repulsive force?

A

When particle initiating the interaction moves backwards and the colliding particle moving forwards

136
Q

What is an attractive force?

A

When particle initiating the interaction moves forwards and the colliding particle moves backwards

137
Q

What causes forces to act between 2 particles?

A

Exchange Particle

138
Q

What is another name for exchange particles?

A

Gauge Boson or Virtual Particles

139
Q

What are virtual particles?

A

Virtual Particles are particles which only exist for a very short amount of time and only exist long enough to transfer energy and momentum between particles

140
Q

What is the name of the exchange particles that belong to fundamental forces?

A

Gauge Boson

141
Q

What interactions affect each type of particle?

A

Strong Force = Hadrons Only
EM = Charged Particles
Weak Force = All types

142
Q

What are the gauge bosons of interactions?

A

Strong = Pions
EM = Virtual Photon
Weak = W+ or W- boson

143
Q

What impacts the size of the exchange particle?

A

Range of the force in the interaction

144
Q

What is the relationship between exchange particles mass and their range?

A

As exchange particles get heavier they have a shorter range. As they get lighter they have a longer range

145
Q

Why does weak force have such a short range?

A

W bosons are so heavy they are 100 times heavier than a proton so consequently have a short range

146
Q

Why does the Virtual W Boson only exist for a short time?

A

It uses high amounts of energy

147
Q

Why does EM have an infinite range?

A

It has zero mass

148
Q

How are exchange particles represented in Feyman Diagrams?

A

Wiggly lines between the collision of each side of the colliding particles

149
Q

How is the trajectory of colliding particles represented in Feyman Diagrams?

A

Straight Lines

150
Q

What are the interactions which are shown on Feyman Diagrams?

A

Electromagnetic Force or Weak Force interactions

151
Q

Where are baryons and leptons drawn on Feyman Diagrams?

A

Leptons on the right and Baryons stay on the left

152
Q

What is the equation for electron capture?

A

p + e- -> n + νe

153
Q

Why does electron decay happen?

A

A proton rich nucleus to become stable captures an electron and turns it into a neutron and an electron neutrino is released to conserve energy

154
Q

What is the difference between electron capture and an electron proton collision?

A

Electron-Proton collisions have a W- boson going left whereas electron capture is a w+ boson going right

155
Q

What is an electron proton collision?

A

Where an electron collides with a proton at high speed

156
Q

What is Electromagnetic Repulsion?

A

When 2 particles of equal charge get close and repel. The exchange particle of this reaction a virtual photon

157
Q

How do you go from electron volts to joules?

A

1 MeV = 1.6 x 10 ^19 Joules

Year 1 - Physics (9 decks)

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