Particles and Waves Flashcards
What is the nucleus held together by
Binding engery
What causes binding engery
The total mass if the nucleus is less than the combined mass of it constituent parts
What is binding engery
The amount of energy required to hold the nucleus together
What’s in isotope
An element with the same amount of protons but different number of neutrons
What does it mean when an atom is said ti be stable
Does not undergo radioactive decay
What does it mean when an atom is unstable
Will undergo radioactive decay and change into an atom that is stable
Elements that are unstable ans have to many neutrons will…
Give off radiation that turns neutrons into protons ejecting electrons (beta particles)
When unstable atoms with too many protons will…
Eject an entrie helium nuclei.
Definition of alpha radiation
Helium nucleus slow moving
Definition of beta
Fast moving electrons
Definition of a gamma rays
High frequency wave that apart of the electromagnetic spectrum
Alpha
4he2
Beta
0e-1
Gamma rays
+y
Explain beta decay
Beta decays into a proton and electron. This will come from the nucleus
Explain gamma rays radiation
The overall nucleus doesn’t change. They simply loss enegery
Two different types if matter
Hadrones
Leptons
Leptons particles
Moun
Tau
Electron
Twi different types of hadrones
Baryons
Measons
Different types of measons
Pion
Koan
How many qurks make up a meason
2
Different types if baryons
Protons
Neutrons
How many quarks make up a baryon
3
Explain the structure of a leptons
They are fundamental and have no internal structure
Symbol for electron anti electron and neutrino
E -e ve
Symbol for muon anti Muon and nurtronib
U with a line
Symbol for a tau
T
Explain the structure of a hadrone
Nor fundamental with a Internal structure
Symbol fit proton
P
Symbol for a neutron
N
What makes up a protons
Up
Up
Down
What makesbup a neutronb
Up
Down
Down
Structure of a kaon
Up
Anti strange
Structure of a meason
Anti up down
What are the fundamental forces
Weak
Strong
Electromagnetic
What does the electromagnetic force act on
Leptons neutrino
Quarks
Whats the mediating force for electromagnetic
Photon
What does the photon do
When two charged particles exert a force on a eachother a virtual photon is exchanged between them
Weak force
All particles but only over a very short range
What does a weak force act on
Leptons neutrinos
What is the force mediator of weak force
W and Z boson
What does a strong force act on
Neutron
Protons
Hadrones
What’s the force mediator on strong force
Gluon
What is a neutrino
A particle with a very small mass and no charge
How many quarks are there?
6
Definition of fundamental
Not composed of any other particles
Fermions make up the matter that surrounds what?
Leptons
Hadrones
Baryons
What is the thergold frequency
Is the minimum amount of frequency of a photom required for photoemission
What is the work function
The work function if a metal is the minimum enegery required of a photon required to cause photonmission
Ek= hf -hfo explain what each part means
Ek is the engery of the electron
Hf is the enegery of the photon
And hfo is the work function
What is the photoelectric effect
The ejection of electrons from a metal plate when a photon of high enough engery is incident on it
Two factors that effect the electrons removed
The right/type of metal
Hugh enough frequency
For every photom how any electrons are removed.
1 electron
Why do they uses an alternating current in a particle accelerator
So that the particles are always accelerating in the same direction
Nuclear fission
I large nucleus splits to from 2 nuclei of smaller mass
Nuclear fusion
Two smaller nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus
What is the continuous emission
The fully coloured one
What is the line emission
Black with coloured lines
What is the adoption spercta
The coloured with black lines
What is the name of the enegery level closest to the nucleus
Ground state
What is the furthered away enegrry level called
Ionised state and has zero potential
When an electron moves from a low energy level to a higher level
It will absorb a photon and need enegery to do so
When electrons move from highers to lower levels
It emits a photon
Absorption is going which direction
Low to Higher
Line emission
Is going from high to low
Why qas a balck cloth used in the irradiance experiment
To prevent reflection
Definition of irradiance
Power per unit area
I and D graph
sloping light down
I and 1/d² graph
Straight line from origin
Explain why a spectrum is produced in the glass prism
Different frequencies are refracted through different angles
When two waves meet in phase they produce
Constructive interference
What does it produce when
Waves meet out of phase
Destructive interference
Definition of coherence
The waves have a constant phrase relationship
In a diffraction grating if you increase the number of slits
The clears the interference
What the wavelengths for redb
The largest wavelength
What the wavelengths for purple
Shortest
Is red or purple more diffraction
Red
In a glass prism is red or purple dispersed the least
Red
In diffraction is there only one or multiple spectra
Multiple
In refraction can you get 1 or multiple spectra
1
When the refractive index increases
The frequency increased
What is the refractive index
The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the median
In the critical is the angle of incidence is great than the critical angle what will happen to the light
It will reflect
Order of refractive index
Violet>blue>red
What’s the graph of f and wavelength
Slopping graph down
Why are protons are accelerated in a electric field
They are positively charged and they experience a force
What type of source does the experiments have to be to investigate inverse square lew
A point source
Explain why the photoelectric effect provides evidence for the photo
Each photon removes one electron
Explain why the photoelectric effect provides evidence for the photo
Each photon removes one electron
Graph of frequency and wavelength
Line sloping down
Why is an alternating current used
To make sure the electric field is always in the correct direction
Explain how a line emission is produced
When an electron goes from an excited state to a lower enegery level. Different transitions produce different frequencies
Why are some lines stronger than others kn the line spectacular
Because there are more eletons making transits per second mean there are more photons per second
For threshold frequency the frequency should be
Less for it to be incident
Why does the gold leaf drop
Photom remove electrons from thr metal
What will happen the angle and speed jn glass when the wavelengths is increased
The angle will be larger
The speed will be greater
What’s a point source
Light that apreads
What do you need to measure the inverse square law
A point source
Why do the lengths of the tubed increase along the accelerator
As the speed of the protons increase they travel a further distance
Explain why this type of fusion reaction is hard to sustain in these reactors
Large amount of energy relased results in very high temperature
The emisson of beta particles is evdaidance for
Neutrino
As the frequency increases what happens to the energy and the electrons emmited per second
The engery increases
The electrons emitted decreases
Graph of I vs F
Sloping up
Starting at threshold frequency
Graph of frwujxy vs wavelength
Straight line down
What is the critical angle
The angle of Incidence when the angle of refraction is 90°
