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Physics (useful) > Particles and quantum ⚛ > Flashcards

Particles and quantum ⚛ Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

PROTON

A

Charge = 1.6 x 10^-19
Relative charge = +1
Mass = 1.67 x 10^-27
Relative mass = 1
Specific charge = 9.58 x 10^7

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2
Q

NEUTRON

A

Charge = 0
Relative charge = 0
Mass = 1.67 x 10^-27
Relative mass = 1
Specific charge = 1.76 x 10^11

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3
Q

ELECTRON

A

Charge = -1.6 x 10^-19
Relative charge = -1
Mass = 9.11 x 10^-31
Relative mass = 0.0005
Specific charge = 1.76 x 10^11

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4
Q

Strong nuclear force

A

Attractive up to separations of 3fm
Repulsive below 0.5fm

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5
Q

Unstable nuclei

A

Too many protons, neutrons or both
So SNF can’t keep them stable so the nuclei decay in order to become stable

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6
Q

Alpha decay

A

Occurs in large nuclei
Too many protons and neutrons
• Protons decreases by 2
• Nucleon number decreases by 4

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7
Q

Beta minus decay

A

Too many neutrons
• Proton number decreases by 1
• Nucleon number stays the same

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8
Q

Antiparticle

A

Same rest energy and mass but opposite in all other properties

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9
Q

Photon

A

How electromagnetic waves travel in packets
Transfer energy and have no mass

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10
Q

Photon energy

A

Directly proportional to the frequency of electromagnetic radiation
E = hf = hc/lamda
(h = planck constant 6.63 x 10^-34 Js)

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11
Q

Annihilation

A

Where particle and antiparticle collide and their masses are converted to energy
The combined energy and ke is released as 2 photons moving in opposite directions to conserve momentum

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12
Q

Pair production

A

Where a photon is converted into an equal amount of matter and antimatter
Can only occur when a photon has energy is greater then the total rest energy of both particles
any excess energy is converted into ke of the particles

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13
Q

Strong interaction

A

Exchange particle : Gluon
Range : 3 x 10^-15
Acts on : Hadrons

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14
Q

Weak interaction

A

Exchange particle : W boson (-&+)
Range : 10^18
Acts on : all particles

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15
Q

Electromagnetic interaction

A

Exchange particle : Virtual photon
Range : Infinite
Acts on : Charged particles

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16
Q

Gravity interaction

A

Exchange particle : Graviton (dw)
Range : Infinite
Acts on : Particles with mass

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17
Q

Weak nuclear force interactions

A

Beta decay, electron capture and electron-proton collisions

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18
Q

Electron capture

A

p + e^- —–> n + ve
(W+)

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19
Q

Electron-proton collision

A

p + e^- —–> n + ve
(W-)

20
Q

Beta-plus decay

A

p —–> n + e^+ + ve
(W+)

21
Q

Beta-minus decay equation

A

n —–> p + e^- + anti ve
(W-)

22
Q

Hadron vs lepton

A

Leptons ARE fundamental and DO NOT experience strong interaction
Hadrons are made of quarks and therefore ARE NOT fundamental

23
Q

Hadrons subgenre

A

Separated into baryons, antibaryons and mesons
Baryons formed of 3 quarks
Antibaryons formed of 3 antiquarks
Mesons formed of a quark and antiquark

24
Q

Meson example

A

Pion
Kaon

25
Q

Lepton example

A

Electron
muon
electron neutrino

26
Q

Baryon examples

A

Proton
neutron

27
Q

Conservations in particle interactions

A

Baryon number
lepton number
charge
strangeness
momentum and energy

28
Q

Strange particles

A

Produced by strong nuclear interaction but decay by the weak one
Kaons (strangeness +1) decay into pions by the weak interaction
Strangeness can only change in the weak interaction

29
Q

UP quark

A

Charge : + 2/3 e
Bryon number : + 1/3
Strangeness : 0

30
Q

DOWN quark

A

Charge : - 1/3 e
Bryon number : + 1/3
Strangeness : 0

31
Q

STRANGE quark

A

Charge : - 1/3 e
Bryon number : + 1/3
Strangeness : -1

32
Q

Meson quark combination

A
  1. Pi0 = up anti=up or down anti-down (0)
  2. Pi+ = up anti-down (+1)
  3. Pi- = anti-up down (-1)
  4. Kaon0 = down anti-strange (0)
  5. Kaon+ = up anti-strange (+1)
  6. Kaon- = anti-up strange (-1)
33
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

Where photoelectrons are emitted from the surface of a metal after light above a certain frequency is shone on it (threshold frequency)

34
Q

Threshold frequency explanation

A

EM waves travel in discrete packets therefore a photoelectron is only emitted if the frequency is above the threshold frequency
Each electron can absorb a single photon, therefore photoelectrons are only emitted if THF is met
Intensity increase = more photoelectrons emitted

35
Q

Work function

A

minimum energy required for electrons to be emitted from the surface of a metal

36
Q

Stopping potential

A

Potential difference needed across the metal to stop the photoelectrons with the max KE

37
Q

Photoelectric effect equation

A

E = hf = work function + Ek

38
Q

Electrons in atoms

A

Only exist as discrete energy levels
Gain energy from collisions with free electrons which causes them to move up energy levels which is known as excitation
Or they gain enough energy to be removed from the atom entirely which is known as ionisation

39
Q

When does ionisation occur

A

If the energy of the free electron is greater than ionisation energy

40
Q

Electron excitation

A

Will quickly return to original energy level (ground state) and therefore releases the energy it gained in the form of a photon

41
Q

Fluorescent tubes

A

*High voltage applied across the mercury vapour accelerates fast moving free electrons which collide with mercury atoms
*Mercury electrons are excited and move back to ground state, emitting a UV photon
*The tube’s phosphorus coating absorbs the UV photons and its electrons excite. They then cascade down the energy levels and release visible light photons

42
Q

Electron volt

A

Energy gained by one electron when passing through a potential difference of 1 volt

43
Q

De Broglie wavelength

A

lambda = h/mv

44
Q

Photon energy equation

A

E = hc/lambda

45
Q

Ionising energy

A

minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated gaseous atom, positive ion, or molecule

Physics (useful) (11 decks)

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