Particles Flashcards
What happens to large particles in the digestive system?
Large particles are broken down into smaller particles that can diffuse through the walls of the intestines into the bloodstream.
How does temperature affect particle motion?
As the temperature rises, particles have more energy and move about faster, leading to faster diffusion of gases and liquids.
What is the kinetic theory of matter?
The kinetic theory of matter states that all substances contain incredibly small moving particles.
What does the word ‘kinetic’ mean?
‘Kinetic’ comes from a Greek word meaning moving.
What are the main points of the kinetic theory?
- All matter is made up of tiny, invisible, moving particles (atoms, molecules, ions).
- Particles of different substances have different sizes.
- Small particles move faster than larger particles at the same temperature.
- As temperature rises, particles have more energy and move faster.
- In a solid, particles are close and arranged in a regular pattern, only vibrating about fixed positions.
- In a liquid, particles are not in a regular arrangement and can slide past each other.
- In a gas, particles are far apart and move very fast and randomly.
How are particles arranged in a solid?
In a solid, the particles are very close and arranged in a regular pattern, allowing them to only vibrate about fixed positions.
How do particles behave in a liquid?
In a liquid, the particles are not in a regular arrangement, have more energy, and can slide past each other. They have a fixed volume, but not shape and take the shape of the container they are in.
What is the behavior of particles in a gas?
In a gas, the particles are far apart and move very fast and randomly in all available space.
What is subliming?
The process of a solid turning directly into a gas.
What is deposition?
The process of a gas turning directly into a solid.
What is freezing?
The process of a liquid turning into a solid.
What is melting?
The process of a solid turning into a liquid.
What is boiling or evaporating?
The process of a liquid turning into a gas.
What is condensing?
The process of a gas turning into a liquid.
What does the kinetic theory explain?
It explains how a substance changes from one state to another.
What causes changes of state?
Changes of state are usually caused by heating or cooling.
What happens when a solid is heated?
Its particles gain energy, vibrate faster, and eventually break away from their fixed positions to form a liquid.
What is the melting point?
The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.
What do high melting points indicate?
They indicate strong forces of attraction between particles.
What do low melting points indicate?
They indicate weak forces of attraction between particles.
What is the boiling point?
The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas.
What do boiling points tell us?
They tell us how strongly the particles are held together in liquids.
What are volatile liquids?
Liquids that evaporate easily and boil at low temperatures.
What is an example of a volatile liquid?
Petrol is an example of a volatile liquid.
Petrol evaporates easily and boils at low temperatures.
What is the behavior of particles in a liquid?
Particles in a liquid can move around each other.
What happens to particles near the surface of a liquid?
Some may have enough energy to escape into the air, causing evaporation.
How does temperature affect evaporation?
Evaporation increases as the temperature of the liquid rises.
What happens upon further heating of a liquid?
Bubbles of gas form inside the liquid.
What is a characteristic of liquids?
Liquids have a fixed size but do not have a fixed shape.
What can you smell from a distance when cooking?
You can smell hot, sizzling onion several metres away, but you have to be near cold onion to smell it.
How does a liquid evaporate?
In a liquid, the particles slowly slide past each other randomly, touching and overlapping each other. However, as heat energy or kinetic energy is transferred to the particles, they gain energy, allowing them to overcome the attractive forces between them. This causes them to move quickly and freely, spaced apart, in random directions, becoming a gas.
