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particle physics Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

conservation in a nuclear reaction

A
  1. mass-energy
  2. momentum
  3. electric charge
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2
Q

Disintegration energy (Q)

A

energy released when a radioactive disintegration takes place

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3
Q

wolfgang pauli

A

proposed existence of 3rd particle emitted during beta decay, the neutrino in 1931 to account for loss of energy/momentum during beta decay i.e. conservation of energy/momentum did not work for b-decay

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4
Q

enrico fermi

A

named neutrino

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5
Q

cowan and reines

A

first to detect neutrino. only interacts very weakly with matter which is why it went undetected for so long

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6
Q

john cockroft and ernest walton

A

produced a nuclear disintegration by bombarding lithium with artificially accelerated protons
-1st artificial splitting of a nucleus
-1st transmutation using artificially accelerated particles
-first experimental verification of E = mc^
-won nobel prize

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7
Q

rutherford

A

first artificial transmutation
-bombarded nitrogen with a-particles

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8
Q

paul dirac

A

predicted the existence of antiparticles (antimatter) and positrons mathematically

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9
Q

segre and chamberlin

A

discovered antiproton

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10
Q

carl david anderson

A

discovered positron (first known antiparticle) by observing it in a cloud chamber

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11
Q

positron

A

antiparticle of the electron (same mass, opposite charge)
-produced tracks in a cloud chamber similar to an electron but was deflected in the opposite direction in a magnetic field

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12
Q

pair production

A

the creating of 2 particles from energy.

-in pair production a particle and its antiparticle are created and momentum and charge are conserved
-occurs when high energy gamma ray photon loses its energy (hf) when it collides with a nucleus

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13
Q

pair production equation

A

hf = 2mc^2 + Ek1 + Ek2

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14
Q

pair annihilation

A

when 2 antiparticles are almost at rest and near each other they join together and disappear producing energy
-momentum before is almost 0 so momentum after must be 0. as a result 2 photons are produced in opposite directions

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15
Q

pair annihilation formula

A

e+ + e- = 2hf

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16
Q

ernest o’lawrence

A

developed first circular particle accelerator (cyclotron)
-elec. fields used for constant acceleration of particles
-magnetic fields used to control position of particles

17
Q

fundamental forces of nature

A
  1. strong nuclear
  2. electromagnetic
  3. weak nuclear
  4. gravitational

*check sheet for more info

18
Q

particle zoo

A

until the 1960s the different varieties of particles being produced by high energy collisions were called the particle zoo as there was no apparent way of categorising them

19
Q

families of particles

A
  1. hadrons –> baryons (3 quarks) or mesons (1 quark 1 antiquark)
  2. leptons (elementary particles)
20
Q

elementary particles

A

have no other particles inside i.e. cannot be broken into smaller particles

21
Q

leptons

A

elementary particles
-dont feel strong force
-feel weak force
-affected by gravitational and electromagnetic force (if charged)

22
Q

lepton family (check sheet for more info)

A
  1. electron, electron neutrino (and antiparticles for both)
  2. muon and muon neutrino
  3. tau and tau neutrino
23
Q

hadrons

A

particles made up of quarks. split into two groups, baryons (3quarks) and mesons (1quark 1antiquark).
-feel strong and weak nuclear force
-affected by grav. and elec. force (if charged)
-

24
Q

baryons

A

made of any 3 quarks and mass > or = mass of proton. antibaryons made of 3 antiquarks

25
Q

mesons

A

made of any 1 quark and 1 antiquark and have mass between that of protons and electrons

26
Q

hadron family (baryons)
*more info on sheet

A
  1. proton (uud) - and antiparticle
  2. neutron (udd)
  3. lambda (uds)
  4. sigma (uus)
27
Q

hadron family (mesons)

A
  1. pion (ud_) d bar = anti down –> &antiparticle
  2. kaon (us_)
28
Q

quarks
*see sheet for types + charges

A

elementary particles that have a charge of +-1/3 or +-2/3

29
Q

proton quarks

A

uud

30
Q

neutron quarks

A

udd

31
Q

lambda quarks

A

uds

32
Q

sigma quarks

A

uus

33
Q

pion quarks

A

ud_

34
Q

kaon quarks

A

us_

35
Q

linear particle accelerator benefits

A

They are easier to build.
* They do not require large magnets.
* less expensive. circular need huge radii to bring particles to high energy states. higher cost of constructing circular accelerator.
* Charged particles radiate away energy when accelerated. At high energy state, radiation loss is less for linear accelerator compared to circular accelerator.

36
Q

gell-mann and zweig

A

independently proposed the existence of quarks. gell-man took the name quark from james joyce’s ‘finnegan’s wake’

-discovered by bombarding protons with high speed electrons. they were deflected through different angles meaning protons consisted of some sort of particles

37
Q

circular particle accelerator benefits

A

-can accelerate particles to very high energies without needing a very long tunnel - cost
-easier to force particle collisions

38
Q

why are neutrinos hard to detect

A
  1. very small mass
  2. no charge
  3. interact weakly with matter

Physics (12 decks)

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