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Physics > Particle Model, Standard Model, Cosmology > Flashcards

Particle Model, Standard Model, Cosmology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are elementary particles?

A

Particles that have no internal structure and cannot be divided into smaller components

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2
Q

What family of elementary particles do electrons belong to?

A

Leptons

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3
Q

Is a photon an elementary particle?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What mass does a photon have?

A

Zero

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5
Q

Why are protons and neutrons not elementary particles?

A

They can be broken into smaller components and a neutron has a magnetic field even though it it uncharged, suggesting it is made of smaller, charged particles

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6
Q

What happens when a particle meets its anti particle?

A

They annihilate, producing photons

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7
Q

How are high energy particles detected?

A

They cause ionisation of the material they pass though.

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8
Q

How are particle accelerators used to create new particles?

A

They collide high energy charged particles with a target such as a particle or nucleus

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9
Q

What are the two types of hadrons?

A

Mesons and baryons

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10
Q

What must be conserved in particle reactions?

A

Energy, momentum, angular momentum, lepton number, charge , baryon number

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11
Q

What baryon number do baryons always have?

A

+1

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12
Q

What baryon number do anti baryons always have?

A

-1

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13
Q

What baryon number do non baryon particles always have?

A

0

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14
Q

What is antimatter?

A

Matter composed of anti particles

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15
Q

What is an antiparticle?

A

Each particle has an opposite particle with the same mass but opposite charge and magnetic moment.

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16
Q

What is a boson?

A

A particle with an integer spin. Examples are exchange particles

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17
Q

What are exchange particles?

A

Particles that mediate interactions

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18
Q

What is a fermion?

A

Particle with a half integer spin

Includes protons, neutrons, electrons

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19
Q

What is a linear accelerator/linac?

A

A device in which electric and magnetic fields are used to accelerate charged particles at high speeds in a straight line

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20
Q

What is the strong nuclear force?

A

The force that acts between proton and neutrons to hold a nucleus together.

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21
Q

What mediates the strong nuclear force?

A

Pions

22
Q

What is the weak force?

A

The force necessary of beta decay of nuclei.

23
Q

What is the weak force mediated by?

A

W and Z bosons

24
Q

How are W and Z bosons different from photons?

A

W and z bosons have mass

25
Q

What does the standard model describe?

A

The elementary particles of which matter is made and the forces with which they interact

26
Q

What are all hadrons composed of?

A

Quarks

27
Q

What are the six quarks flavours?

A

Up, down, top, bottom, charm, strange

28
Q

What are meson composed of?

A

One quark and one antiquark

29
Q

What are baryons composed of?

A

Three quarks

30
Q

What are anti baryons composed of?

A

Three anti quarks

31
Q

What force are photons exchange particles for?

A

Electromagnetic force

32
Q

What force are W and Z photons exchange particle for?

A

The weak force

33
Q

What force are gluons exchange particles for?

A

The strong force

34
Q

Is the strong force that same as this strong nuclear force?

A

No

35
Q

How do particles acquire mass?

A

Via interactions with the Higgs field.

36
Q

What is the mediating particle when particles gain mass?

A

The Higgs boson

37
Q

What are the limitations of the standard model?

A

It does not include a theory for Gravity

It predicts that neutrinos should be massless when they actually have some mass

38
Q

What is the evidence for an expanding universe?

A

The red shift

39
Q

When where particles formed?

A

In the first seconds after the Big Bang.

40
Q

What is cosmic microwave background radiation?

A

The observed radiation coming from all points in space

41
Q

What is the cosmological principle?

A

The assumption that all matter is uniformly distributed through the universe on all scales

42
Q

What is dark energy?

A

Energy that is predicted from the increasing rate of expansion of the universe

43
Q

What is dark matter?

A

The matter that is postulated to explain gravitational effects but is not observable by the emission or reflection of light

44
Q

What is redshift?

A

The observed shift to longer wavelengths of spectral lines in distant stars

45
Q

What is the singularity?

A

A point in space and time at which the density of matter/energy is infinite and the volume is infinitesimally small

46
Q

What are the forces included in the standard model?

A

Strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force

NOT GRAVITY

47
Q

Why are we not able to see parts of the universe more than 700000 years old?

A

It consisted of matter and exchange particles
Photons that existed were constantly absorbed and emitted in interactions
Universe opaque to photons, not visible
When atoms formed light could be absorbed therefore seen

48
Q

Baryons are the ____________ of the particles

A

Heaviest

49
Q

Are baryons fundemental?

A

No

50
Q

Do quarks appear to have volume?

A

No

51
Q

What direction do positive particle curl in a bubble chamber?

A

To the right

Physics (7 decks)

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