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Physics - Y10 + Y11 > Particle model of matter - Y10 > Flashcards

Particle model of matter - Y10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is density?

A

It tells us the mass for a given volume

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2
Q

Formula for density

A

ρ = m / v
density (kg/m3) = mass (kg) / volume (m3)

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3
Q

What can the particle model be used to explain

A
  • Different states of matter
  • Differences in density
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4
Q

How does radiation affect electrons in their energy shells?

A
  • When atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation, electrons move to a higher energy level away from the nucleus
  • When atoms emit electromagnetic radiation, electrons can drop to a lower energy level, closer to the nucleus.
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5
Q

Describe particles in gases

A
  • Least dense state of matter
  • Particles free to move
  • Almost no forces of attraction
  • Travel in random directions at high speeds
  • Have the most energy
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6
Q

Describe particles in solids

A
  • Strong forces of attraction hold particles together in a fixed regular arrangement
  • Particles don’t have much energy, they only vibrate
  • Highest density as particles are closest together
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7
Q

Describe particles in liquids

A
  • Weaker forces of attraction between the particles
  • P. are close but can move past each other and form irregular arrangements
  • More energy than p. in solids
  • They move in random directions at low speeds
  • Less dense than solids
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8
Q

What does it mean if an object floats?

A

Its density must be lower than the density of the fluid

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9
Q

How do you find the density of a solid object?

A
  1. Use balance to measure its mass
  2. If it’s a regular solid, measure its height, width and length with a ruler to calculate its colume
  3. If its an irregular solid, find out the volume by submerging it in a eureka can filled with water. The water displaced by the object will be transferred to the measureing cyclinder
  4. The volume in the cyclinder will show the volume of the irregular object
  5. Work out density using formula
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10
Q

How do you find the density of a liquid?

A
  1. Place a measuring cyclinder on a balance and 0 the balance
  2. Pour 10ml of liquid into mc. and record liquid’s mass
  3. Pour another 10ml into mc. repeateing the process until the cylinder is full and recording th total volume and mass each time
  4. For each measurement, use the formula to find density (1ml = 1 cm3)
  5. Take an average of your calculated densities.
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11
Q

What does the internal store of energy consist?

A

Kinetic and Potential Store

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12
Q

What is the potential store?

A

Energy from the potential energy stored in the bonds between particles

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13
Q

What is internal energy?

A

Energy stored inside a system by particles that make up the system

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14
Q

How does heating change the energy stored within the system

A

Increases the energy of the particles that make up the system. This either raises the temp. of the system or produces a change of state

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15
Q

What happens if the temperature of a system increases?

A

It depends on the mass of the substance heated, the type of material and energy input to the system

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16
Q

Equation for change in thermal energy

A

change in thermal energy (Joules) = mass (kg) X specific heat capacity (J/kg) X temperature change (C)

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17
Q

What happens when a substance is condensing or freezing?

A
  • Bonds are forming between particles
  • This releases energy
  • This means the internal energy decreases but the temperature doesn’t go down
18
Q

What is specific latent heat?

A

Energy needed to change the state of a substance

19
Q

What is specific latent heat (SLH)?

A

Amount of energy needed to change 1 kg of it from one state to another without changing its temperature

20
Q

What is the specific latent heat of fusion?

A

The specific latent heat for changing between a solid and a liquid (melting or freezing)

21
Q

What is the specific latent heat of vaporisation?

A

The specific latent heat for changing between a liquid and a gas (evaporating, boiling or condensing)

22
Q

What is the formula for specific latent heat?

A

Energy (E) = mass (m) X Specific Latent Heat (L)

E (E)= m (kg) L (J/kg)

23
Q

What happens when you increase the temperature of a gas?

A
  • Energy is transferred into the kinetic energy stores of its particles - increases speed
  • More collisions with walls of container and would have more force
  • Increases pressure (if volume is kept constant)
24
Q

What happens when a change of state occurs?

A

The energy supplied changes the energy stored (internal energy) but not the temperature

25
Q

Describe the molecules in a gas

A
  • In constant random motion
  • The temp. of a gas is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules
26
Q

What do faster particles and more frequent collisions lead to?

A

An increase in net force and so gas pressure

27
Q

What is the correlation between pressure and volume?

A

They are inversely proportional - when volume goes up, pressure goes down.

28
Q

What is the relationship for a gas of fixed mass at a constant temperature?

A

pV = constant
p = pressure, in pascals (Pa)
V = volume (m3)

29
Q

What does a pressure of a gas form?

A

It causes a net outwards force at right angles to the surface of its container

30
Q

What happens when you transfer energy by applying a force?

A

You do work

31
Q

What happens when you do work on a gas?

A

It increases its internal energy which can increase its temperature

32
Q

What are the 3 main assumptions of the particle/kinetic model?

A

Particles are:
* Small
* Inelastic
* Spheres

33
Q

What happens when a solid is heated

A
  • particles gain energy and vibrate faster
  • eventually they have so much energy that they overcome the forces holding them together and the substance melts into a liquid
34
Q

What does it mean if a gas is trapped within a container?

A
  • volume of gas is fixed
  • so pressure inside container increases
35
Q

What is the formula for pressure

A

force/area

36
Q

What does pressure depend on in a gas?

A
  • number of collisions
  • how much energy each collision involves
37
Q

What if you increase the conc of particles and keep the volume the same?

A
  • more collisions
  • high perssure
38
Q

What if you decrease the volume and keep the no of particles the same?

A
  • more particles per unit of volume = higher conc
  • more collisions
  • higher pressure
39
Q

What if you increase force in the walls of a flexible container?

A
  • just cause container to expand
  • therfore, changing temp or conc will chage volume of container rather than pressure of gases
40
Q

Descirbe the movement of particles in a gas

A

range of speeds
moving in diff directions

Physics - Y10 + Y11 (7 decks)

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