Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physics - Y10 + Y11 > Forces - Y10 > Flashcards

Forces - Y10 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

What are scalar quantities?

A

Only magnitude (size) only, NO DIRECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are vector quantities?

A

Magnitude and direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of scalar quantities

A
  • Speed
  • Distance
  • Mass
  • Temperature
  • Energy
  • Time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the arrow mean?

A

Length = magnitude of vector
Direction = direction of vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of vector quantities

A
  • Displacement
  • Weight
  • Force
  • Velocity
  • Acceleration
  • Momentum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a force?

A

Push or pull on an object thats caused by it interacting with smth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of forces

A
  • Contact
  • Non-contact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a contact force? Give examples

A

2 objects need tp be touching for a force to act
* Friction
* Air resistance
* Normal contact force
* Tension in ropes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a non-contact force? Give examples

A

Objects don’t need to be touching for the force to act
* Magnetic force
* Gravitational force
* Electrostatic force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an interaction pair?

A

Pair of forces that are equal and opposite and act on 2 interacting objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 effects of gravity

A
  • Gives everything a weight
  • On Earth, it makes things fall towards the ground
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is weight?

A

Force acting on an object due to gravity
* Changes with its location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The force of gravity close to the Earth is due to the …

A

gravitational field around the Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the weight depend on?

A
  • Strength of Gravitational field strength at the point where object is
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the “centre of mass”

A

Where the mass is concentrated the most

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is weight measured by?

A

Calibrated spring balance or newtonmeter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diff between mass and weight

A

Mass is not a force but weight is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is mass measured by?

A

Mass balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Formula for weight

A

W (g) = Mass (kg) X Gravitational Field Strength (N/kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the r/s between mass and weight?

A

Directly proportional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a resultant force?

A

Single force that has the same effect as all of the original forces acting together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens when a force moves an object through a distance?

A

Energy is transferred and work is done on the object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Work done equation

A

W (J) = F (N) s (m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is 1J in Nm?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What 3 things could happen if you apply force to an object?

A
  • Stretch
  • Bend
  • Compress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many forces do you need for an object to stretch, bend or compress? Why?

A

more than 1 so there is a balance, otherwise it would move in the direction of the applied force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Elastically deformed

A

Can go back to orignal shape and lendth after force has been removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Inelastically deformed

A

Can’t go back to orignal shape and lendth after force has been removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When is work done?

A

When a force stretched or compresses an object and casues energy to be transferre to the elastic potential energy store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does it have to be for all its energy to be transferred to an objects EPS?

A

Elastically deformed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the r/s between extension of a stretched spring and force applied

A

Directly prop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Equation for force for Hookes Law

A

F = k (spring constant) e (extension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is the spring constant affected by?

A

Material you’re stretching
Stiffer spring = greater spring constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Limit of proportionality

A
  • When extension is no longer prop to force
  • Point marked P
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Moment

A

Turning effect of a force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Formula for size of the moment

A

M = F(Force) d (distance, perpendicular distance from pivot to line of action of force)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the force on the spanner cause?

A

Moment on the nut (pivot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How to get the max moment?

A

Push at right angles to the spanner
Pushing at an angle means a small distance, so smaller moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How can an object be balanced and not turn?

A

If total anticlockwise moment = total clockwise moment about a pivot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do levers do?

A
  • Increase distance from pivot at which force is applied
  • M = Fd, means less force neede to get same moment
  • Make it easier to work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are gears?

A

Circulalar discs with “teeth” around their edges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How do gears work?

A

Their teeth interlock so that turning 1 causes another to turn in the opp direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which is faster, smaller or larger gear?

A

smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are gears used for?

A

To transmit the rotational force from 1 place to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Force transmitted to a larger gear means…

A

bigger moment, as distance to pivot is greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Fluids

A
  • Gases/liquids, particles able to move around
  • Particles collide with each other+ surfaces
  • Partcles are light but still have a mass and exert a force on object they collide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Pressure

A

Force is exerted normal (right angles) to any surface in contact with the fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Formula for pressure

A

F = PA
Force normal to a surface N/ area of that surface m2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Density

A

How close togther particles in a substabce are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What happens to the pressure as the depth of a liquid increases?

A
  • No of particles above that point increases
  • Weight of particles adds to the pressure felt att hat point
  • Pressure inreases with depth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Formula for pressure

A

p = hρg
h = height of colum of liquid
g = gfs
rho = density of liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Process of upthrust

A
  • Bottom of the object is at a greater depth than the top of the object
  • Means that bottom experiences larger pressure than top
  • Means there is a larger force acting on the bottom than at the top
  • There is a resultant force acting upwards = upthrust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is needed for an object to float?

A

Upthrust must equal object’s weight (downward force due to gravity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the upthrust equal to?

A

The weight of fluid that has been displaced by the object
(objects weight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What causes an object to sink?

A

Objects weight is more than the upthrust
If the object is more dense than the liquid

56
Q

What is distance? Scalar or vector?

A

How far an object has moved, scalar

57
Q

What is displacement? Scalar or vector?

A

Vector, measures the distance and direction in a straight line from an objectts starting point to its finsihing point

58
Q

What is velocity?

A

Vector quanitity, how fast your going and direction

59
Q

What is speed?

A

How fast your are going

60
Q

Speed of person walking

A

1.5m/s

61
Q

Speed of person running

A

3m/s

62
Q

Speed of person cycling

A

6m/s

63
Q

Speed of a car

A

25m/s

64
Q

Speed of a train

A

30m/s

65
Q

Speed of a plane

A

250m/s

66
Q

Factos affecting speed person walk, run or cycles

A
  • Age
  • Terrain
  • FItness
  • Distance travelled
67
Q

Typical speed of sound

A

330m/s

68
Q

What affects wind speed?

A
  • Temperature
  • Atmospheric pressure
  • Large buildings/structures nearby
  • Forests reduce speed of air
69
Q

What 2 things have varying speed?

A

Sound and wind

70
Q

What is acceleration

A

Change in velocity in a ccertain amount of time

71
Q

Formula for acceleration

A

A = change of velocity ÷ time taken
a = v-u/t

72
Q

What does uniform acceleration mean?

A

Constant acceleration

73
Q

Equation for uniform acceleration

A

v² - u² = 2as
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
a = acceleration
s = distance

74
Q

What is the acceleration of any object falling freely under gravity near the Earth’s surface?

A

9.8 m/s²

75
Q

What does the gradient on a distance-time graph mean?

A

Speed
Steeper = faster

76
Q

distance-time graph

Flat sections mean?

A

Stationary

77
Q

distance-time graph

Curves mean?

A

Acceleration or deccleration

78
Q

What does the gradient in a velocity-time graph mean?

A

Acceleration

79
Q

velocity-time graph

Flat sections mean?

A

Steady speed

80
Q

velocity-time graph

Curve mean?

A

Changing acceleration

81
Q

velocity-time graph

Uphill mean?

A

Acceleration

82
Q

velocity-time graph

Downhill mean?

A

Deceleration

83
Q

How would you find the speed on a distance-time graph on a sloping line?

A

Draw tangent against line and calc gradient on drawn line

84
Q

What is drag?

A
  • Resistance you get in a fluid
  • Air resistance is a type of drag
85
Q

How can you reduce drag?

A

Keeping the shape of the object streamlined (object designed to allow fluid to flow easily across it)

86
Q

How do parachutes work?

A
  1. SA increases - AR increases
  2. AR is greater than weight
  3. Resultant force upwards
  4. Skydiver decelerate
  5. As velocity has decreased, AR also decreases
  6. At some point, AR will balance weight so resultant force = 0
  7. Velocity will stay constant then
  8. So now skydiver is falling at a lower terminal velocity
87
Q

What happens to frictional forces in fluids when speed increases?

A

Increases,

88
Q

Process of a falling skydiver reaching terminal velocity

A
  1. Skydiver jumps out of plane - only force is weight
  2. Weight due to gravity - wont change
  3. Due to weight, skydiver experiences resultant force acting downwards so they accelerate downwards
  4. Experiences friction with air molecules - air resistance acts upwards
  5. Weight is greater than air resistance so continues accelerating downards
  6. As velocity increases, AR increases too
  7. At a certain point, AR balances weight
  8. Now there is no resultant force, so velocity stays constant
  9. Has reached terminal velocity
89
Q

What is Newtons First Law?

A
  • Resultant force on stationary object is 0 = stationary
  • Resultant force on moving object is 0 = move at same velocity
  • A resultant force is required to change the motion of an object
90
Q

How can the velocity of an object change?

A

If there is a resultant force acting on it that is not 0

91
Q

Formula for Newton’s 2nd Law

A

F = ma
Resultant force (N) = mass (kg) X acceleration (m/s2)

92
Q

What is Newton’s 2nd Law?

A
  • Non-0 resultant force acts on an object = accelerate
  • A resultant force will cause an object to accelerate in the direction of the force.
93
Q

What is an object’s inertial mass?

A

How difficult it is to change the velocity of the object

94
Q

What is inertia?

A

Objects will stay stationary or carry on moving at a steady speed/motion until a resultant force is applied

95
Q

How is the inertial mass defined as?

A

Ratio of force over acceleration

96
Q

What does an object with a larger interial mass need?

A

Larger force produce a given accelration compared to an object with a smaller interial mass

97
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd Law?

A

When 2 object interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite

98
Q

What affects the size of air resistance if a person is falling from the air

A
  • SA of person - higher area = larger the area over which collisions can take place
  • Veolcity person is moving - faster = more particles collide with
99
Q

What is a normal contact force?

A

Chair exerts a force on the ground, ground pushes back the chair with the same force. Equal but opposite are felt by both

100
Q

What does the spring constant mean?

A

How many newtons it would take to stretch the object by 1m

101
Q

What is Hooke’s Law?
When does it stop being applied?

A
  • Force and extension is directly prop.
  • Stops after limit of proportionality/elastic limit, onject will be inelasticly deformed, wont return to original shape
102
Q

What does extension in a spring mean?

A

Increase or decrease when its stretched or compressed

103
Q

On a force-extension graph, what does the straight part’s gradient of the graph mean?

A

Gradient = k - spring constant

104
Q

What does the area under the curve of a force-extension graph mean?

A

Energy transferred

105
Q

What does the ozone layer do?

A

Keeps out most harmful radiation

106
Q

Where is the density of gas particles the highest on Earth?

A

On the Eath’s surface, pressure gets smaller the further you get

107
Q

Why is there a greater atmospheric pressure at sea level than at higher elevation?

A
  • Air is more dense at sea level
  • More gas particles at sea level to collide with objects
  • Higher atmos. pressure
108
Q

On a distance/time graph, where is the distance and time?

A

Distance- y-axis
Time - X-axis

109
Q

How would you find the distance trvalled on a velocity/time graph?

A

Calc area under it

110
Q

What increases air resistance when a person is falling

A
  • Larger sa - LARGER area over which collisions can take place
  • velocity - faster they are moving, more collisions
111
Q

What is an emergency stop?

A

Where max force applies by brakes in order to stop car in the shortest possible distance

112
Q

What is the stopping distance?

A

Thinking distacnce + breaking distance

113
Q

What is the thinking distance?

A

How far car travels during drivers reaction time

114
Q

What is breaking distance?

A

Distance taken to stop under the braking force

115
Q

What is thinking distance affcted by and how?

A
  • Speed - the faster you’re going, further you’ll need to travel during the time you take to react
  • Your reaction time - longer ur reaction time, longer ur thinking distance
116
Q

What is breaking distance affected by and how?

A
  • Ur speed - faster travelling = longer it takes to stop
  • Weather or road surface - wet/icy road reduces friction = skidding, if tyres are bald they cant get rid of water in wet conditions
  • How good brakes are - if worn or faulty, wont be able to apply as much force as good brakes, dangerous
117
Q

Factors affecting stopping distance and how this affects safety?

A
  • Icy roads - increases skidding, so driving too close to other cards in icy conditions is usafe
  • Longer ur stopping distance, the more space u need to leave in front in order to stop safely
  • Speed limits vital cuz speed affects stopping distance a lot
118
Q

What happens when a brake is pushed?

A
  • Causes brake pads to be pressed onto the wheels
  • Contact causes friction, causes work to be done
  • WD between brakes and wheels transfers energy to kinetic energy stores of wheels and thermal stores of brakes
  • Brakes increase in temp
119
Q

What happens as a vehicle is going faster?

A
  • has more energy in kinetic store
  • so more work needs to be done to stop it
  • means a greater braking force needed to make it stop withing a certain distance
120
Q

What does a larger braking force mean?

A
  • Larger deceleration
  • dangerous - may cause brakes to overheat (not work well) or skidding
121
Q

What is momentum?

A
  • Vector quantity
  • Greater the mass or velocity, more momentum it has
122
Q

formula for momentum

A

p =mv
momentum kgm/s = mass (g) X velocity (m/s)

123
Q

What is the conservation of momentum?

A

In a closed system, total momentum before an events = after event

124
Q

What does a positive momentum mean?

A

Objects going to the right

125
Q

Formula linked with force, change in momentum

A

F = change in momentum / time

126
Q

What does a larger force do to the momentum?

A

larger force = faster change in momentum

127
Q

What happens if the momentum changes v quickly in a car?

A
  • forces on the body will be v large
  • causes injury
128
Q

What does it mean when it takes longer for momentum to change? eg car

A
  • longer for momentum to change
  • means smaller rate of change of momentum
  • so smaller force
  • small forces= injuries less severe
129
Q

Car safety features to lengthen time of momentum change and explain

A
  • crumple zones - crumple of impact, increasing time taken for car to stop
  • Seat belts stretch a bit - increasing tt for wearer to stop
  • Air bags inflate before u hit dashboard - comprssing air inside it slows u down more gradually
130
Q

other ways to minimise force by lengthening time for change in momentum

A
  • bike helmets - contain crushable layer of foam - lengthens time taken for ur head to stop in a crash - reduces impact on ur brain
  • crash mats and cushioned playground flooring - increase tt for u to stop if u fall on them - cuz they are made from soft, compressinle materials
131
Q

equipment for rp 6 stretching a spring

A
  • clamp stand
  • 2 bosses
  • 2 clamps
  • heavy weighht
  • metre rule
  • spring
132
Q

method for rp 6 stretching a spring

A
  1. Set up clamp stand, 2 bosses and 2 clamps
  2. Place heavy weight on clamp stand to stop it falling over
  3. attach metre rule and spring
  4. top of spring must be at the 0 point on metre rule
  5. metre rule must be vertical
  6. bottom of spring has wooden splint attached as a pointer
  7. read unstretched spring length
  8. Hang a 1N weight on spring
  9. read new position of pointer on metrerule
  10. carry on adding weights
  11. work out extension produced by each weight (substract by unstrecthed weight)
  12. plot extension against weight
133
Q

Aparatus for rp 7 acceleration

A
  • Toy car
  • string
  • pulley
  • 100g mass
  • timer
134
Q

Why is it better to use a line graph instead of a bar chart for velocity and time?

A

Velocity and time are both continous variables

135
Q

When a car drives, how does the forces of frictional force and driving force change during the first 2 sec?

A

Driving force increases, as speed increases, frictional force increases, driving force is still greater than frictional force

136
Q

If a car is experiencing an 800N force, backwards and forwards, what is it doing?

A

Moving at a constant speed

Physics - Y10 + Y11 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions