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Physics Yr 10 revision > Particle model of matter > Flashcards

Particle model of matter Flashcards

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1
Q

An atom has a small, …………… charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting ……………. charged electrons.

A
  • positively

- negatively

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2
Q

what is the avg radius of atoms?

A

1 × 10 to the -10 metres

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3
Q

what fraction of an atom does the nucleus make up?

A

The radius of a nucleus is less than 1/10 0000 of the radius of an atom

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4
Q

where is most of the mass of the atom concentrated at?

A

the nucleus

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5
Q

In what environment would the relative mass of an atom change?

A

mass is constant across all enviroments

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6
Q

what is the overall charge of an atom?

A

neutral (0)

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7
Q

what is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

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8
Q

where are protons found?

A

the nucleus

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9
Q

what is the correlation between atomic number and number of protons?

A

an elements atomic number is the number of protons it possesses

((all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons)

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10
Q

what is the relative charge of electrons?

A

-1

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11
Q

where are electrons found in the atom?

A

on fixed orbits (energy levels/shells/orbitals) around the nucleus

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12
Q

why do atoms overall have no electric charge?

A

because the total number of negative electrons equals the number of positive protons

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13
Q

what is the relative charge of neutrons?

A

0 -meaning that they are neutral

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14
Q

where are neutrons found in the atom?

A

in the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the overall charge of the nucleus of an atom?

A

positive

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16
Q

What is the charge of an atom’s nucleus?

A

positive

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17
Q

An atom’s ………….. are arranged at different distances from the nucleus (different energy levels). .

A

electrons

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18
Q

Where is most of the mass of an atom found?

A

the nucleus

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19
Q

how was the nucleus discovered?

A

Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus by firing a beam of alpha particles at thin metal foils (only a few atoms wide).

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20
Q

What did Rutherford’s experiment tell us?

A
  • The large deflections suggested that some positively charged mass is the atom was repelling the particles
  • suggested that most of the atom is made up of empty space
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21
Q

how did Rutherford’s experiment adapt the model of the atom?

A

-this lead to the model of the atom with negatively charged electrons orbiting a positively charged nucleus

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22
Q

During Rutherford’s experiment what were fired at the metal?

A

alpha particles

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23
Q

Why would the alpha particles be deflected by a smaller angle if the thin metal foil was made of a lighter element?

A

The nuclei of lighter elements contain fewer protons. This means they have a lower charge. Each alpha particle will therefore experience a smaller electric force acting on it and so deflect by a smaller angle.

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24
Q

who discovered electrons and in what year?

A
  • English physicist J. J. Thompson

- 1897

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25
Q

who discovered that alpha particles could bounce off atoms thus concluding that an atom’s mass is concentrated in an atoms nucleus and in what year?

A
  • Ernest Rutherford

- 1909

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26
Q

what did Neils Bohr discover

A

that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed dstances

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27
Q

who discovered that some particles in the nucleus have no charge at all (Neutrons) and in what year?

A
  • James Chadwick

- 1932

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28
Q

How did J. J. Thompson model the atom as? -and what is it?

A

as a ‘Plum Pudding’

- a ball of positive charge (Dough) with negatively charged electrons (Currents) mixed in with the ‘dough’

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29
Q

in order of discovery what are the three models of the atom over time?

A

1897 - Plum Pudding Model
1909 - Nuclear Model
1932 - The Modern Model

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30
Q

what type of foil did Rutherford use?

A

Thin gold foil

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31
Q

what happens when atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation?

A

Electrons move to a higher energy level further away from the nucleus

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32
Q

what happens when atoms emit electromagnetic radiation?

A

Electrons can drop to a lower energy level, closer to the nucleus

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33
Q

What can be emitted by atoms to change the electron arrangement in an atom?

A

Radiation

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34
Q

Each electron shell has a different ………. level. When an atom absorbs or emits ………………….. radiation, its electron arrangements can change.

A
  • energy

- electromagnetic

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35
Q

what is the electron configuration of Calcium? (it has 20 electrons)

A

2,8,8,2

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36
Q

what is the electron configuration of Argon? (it has 18 electrons)

A

2,8,8

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37
Q

what is the electron configuration of Phosphorous? (it has 15 electrons)

A

2,8,5

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38
Q

who are the 4 important people in the history of the atom model?

A
  • Ernest Rutherford
  • J. J. Thompson
  • James Chadwick
  • Neils Bohr
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39
Q

what is the equation for density?

A 
p = m/V
density = mass / volume
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40
Q

what is upthrust?

A

the force that keeps an object afloat

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41
Q

what does the law of diplacement state?

A

that if an object completely submerged in liquid (like water) will replace an amount of fluid equal to its own volume

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42
Q

what allows an object to float on a liquid?

A

the object will float if its density is lower then that of the liquid E.g. A rubber duck on water

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43
Q

what is density measured in?

A

kilograms per meter cubed

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44
Q

Ice has a lower density than water. This means that it should float in water. Steel has a density significantly higher than water. However, a steel ship still floats. Suggest how this is possible.

A

The steel hull of a ship contains a large volume of air. This means that the average density of a ship is lower than the average density of water. This allows steel ships to float.

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45
Q

what is the least dense state of matter?

A

Gas

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46
Q

liquids are …………. dense then solids but …………. dense then gases

A
  • less

- more

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47
Q

what is the most dense state of matter?

A

Solid

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48
Q

How many states of matter are there? (Disregarding plasma)

A

3

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49
Q

what are the 3 states of matter?

A
  • solid
  • liquid
  • gas
50
Q

what happens to the mass wen a substance changes state?

A

it is conserved and stays the same

51
Q

how are changes of state not the same as chemical reactions?

A

because the material recovers (Gets back) to its old properties f the change is reversed

52
Q

what is the reversible and physical process in which mass is conserved?

A

the change of state

53
Q

what are the 4 changes of state?

A
  • Boiling
  • Melting
  • Solidifying/Freezing
  • Condensing
54
Q

what is boiling?

A

turning a liquid into gas

55
Q

what is melting?

A

turning a solid into a liquid

56
Q

what is solidifying/freezing?

A

turning a liquid into a solid

57
Q

what is condensing?

A

turning a gas into a liquid

58
Q

When does a liquid boil?

A

when the particles have enough energy to completely escape the forces between them

59
Q

a solid melts when…

A
  • solid particles can overcome the forces between them

- its at its melting temperature

60
Q

If mass is 10 kg and volume is 2.5 metres cubed, what is the density of the object?

A

4 Kg/m cubed

61
Q

what is the melting and freezing point equivalence?

A

melting point = freezing point

62
Q

The law of displacement says that an object completely submerged in a fluid (like water) will replace an amount of fluid equal to its own ……………

A

volume

63
Q

what is an objects internal energy?

A

the sum (total) of the kinetic and chemical energy of the particles in the object

64
Q

where does the chemical (Internal) energy on an object come from?

A

from potential energy stored in the bonds between particles

65
Q

where does the kinetic (Internal) energy of an object come from?

A

the random notion of the particles

66
Q

how does increasing temperature of a body (object) affect kinetic energy?

A

increases the kinetic energy of the body’s particles, increases the body’s internal energy

67
Q

the temperature of a body is a measure of …………….. energy of its particles

A

-kinetic

68
Q

what are the 2 types of internal energy?

A
  • kinetic

- Chemical

69
Q

what is the equation for the change in Thermal energy?

A

ΔE=m×c×ΔT

(The change in internal energy equals the mass times the specific heat capacity times the temperature change)

70
Q

what is the specific heat capacity of a body (object) object?

A

the energy needed to increase the temperature of one kilogram of the body by 1°C.

71
Q

If the change in internal energy = 100J, mass = 10kg, and temperature change = 1°C, what is the specific heat capacity?

A

10

72
Q

what is the equation for specific heat capacity?

A

Specific heat capacity = change in internal energy / (mass (kg) x maximum temperature rise (°C) ).

73
Q

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy needed to increase the ……………. of 1 kg of that substance by 1 °C.

A

temperature

74
Q

State the difference between thermal capacity and specific heat capacity.

A
  • Heat capacity is a measure of the energy needed to change the temperature of an object by 1°C,.
  • The specific heat capacity is the energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of material by 1°C.
75
Q

what is the equation for thermal (heat) capacity?

A

C = m x c

(The thermal capacity of a body is equal to the mass multiplied by the specific heat capacity)

76
Q

the change in an objects internal energy is the product of which 3 things?

A
  • temperature change
  • specific heat capacity
  • mass of the object
77
Q

how is infra-red measured?

A

by using a thermopile

78
Q

What experiment can we use to measure the effectiveness of different materials as thermal insulators?

A

Leslie’s Cube

79
Q

A glass jar has a metal lid that’s difficult to unscrew. Why does holding the jar under a hot tap help to open the lid?

A

the metal expands at a greater rate than the glass for the same temperature increase and this loosens the lid

80
Q

The chemical energy that contributes to internal energy comes from the ………… energy stored in the ……………. between particles.

A
  • potential

- bonds

81
Q

Explain how Leslie’s cube works.

A
  • Leslie’s cube is a metal box with 4 different colour sides (black, matt black, white, unpainted).
  • If you pour hot water into the cube, the matt (dull) black side will emit more infra-red radiation than the other sides, because dull black surfaces are the best emitters of heat.
  • The infra-red radiation emitted is measured using a thermopile (a sensitive thermometer).
82
Q

what is the equation for energy change for change of state?

A 
E = m x l
The energy (taken in or given out in a change of state) is equal to the mass multiplied by the specific latent heat.
83
Q

What are the units of latent heat of vaporisation?

A

J/kg

84
Q

what is latent heat?

A

Latent heat is the energy that is transferred to a substance without the substance’s temperature changing. This happens when a substance is changing state.

85
Q

what is melting also sometimes called?

A

Fusion

86
Q

what is boiling also sometimes called?

A

Vaporisation

87
Q

for some materials, ……………… point is the same as its condensing point

A

boiling

88
Q

for some materials, ………………….. point is the same as its freezing point

A

melting

89
Q

why isn’t latent heat measured?

A
  • if we measure using the change in temperature, this energy transfer will not be measured
  • the energy is transferred without the temperature changing
90
Q

what is SPECIFIC latent heat?

A
  • the latent heat per 1 kg of mass

- it is a way to standardise across objects that have different masses

91
Q

where does latent heat go?

A

when a substance changes state, the energy is absorbed to either create or weaken bonds, rather than transfer kinetic energy to a substance’s particles

92
Q

E = m x l

The …………….. (taken in or given out in a change of state) is equal to the ………………. multiplied by the specific latent heat.

A
  • energy

- mass

93
Q

What is another term for melting point?

A

fusion temperature

94
Q

How can you detect latent heat?

A

using a joulemeter and measuring the energy supplied to change state

95
Q

What happens to the energy supplied during a change of state at both the melting and boiling points?

A

kinetic energy remains constant whilst the potential energy increases

96
Q

what is the equation used to work out the specific latent heat of fusion?

A

specific latent heat = energy change ÷ mass

97
Q

what piece of equipment do we use to measure the latent heat of fusion (melting) of water/ice?

A

joulemeter

98
Q

Latent heat is the energy that is transferred to a substance, without changing that substance’s ……………….. This happens when a substance is changing …………………

A
  • temperature

- state

99
Q

what is the equation used to work out the specific latent heat of vaporisation?

A

specific latent heat = energy change ÷ change in mass

100
Q

To measure the specific latent heat of vapourisation of water, we must …………. water to form water vapour.

A

boil

101
Q

To calculate specific latent heat, what do we divide the latent heat by?

A

mass

102
Q

why do solids have fixed shapes?

A

because they have strong forces between the particles

103
Q

why can’t solids be compressed?

A

because their particle are already very close together and cannot flow

104
Q

how are the particles in a solid arranged?

A

in an ordered pattern

105
Q

how do the particles in a solid move?

A

they move around (Vibrate) around a fixed point

106
Q

why can gases be compressed?

A

because their particles are very far apart

107
Q

what are 3 properties of gas?

A
  • can flow
  • no fixed shape
  • fills its container
108
Q

how do the particles in a gas move?

A

move randomly and are not at all organised

109
Q

Why can’t liquids be compressed?

A

because their particle are already very close together

110
Q

how do the particles in a liquid move? how does this allow liquids to flow and take the shape of their container?

A

the particles are in contact with each other but can still move

111
Q

how are particles in a liquid arranged?

A

in a disordered pattern

112
Q

what happens when you increase the temperature of gases?

A

kinetic energy increases

113
Q

The change in momentum is equal to the force multiplied by time. It is also the same as ………………

A

impulse

114
Q

what is the equation for change in momentum?

A

change in momentum = force x time

115
Q

As you increase the temperature of a gas, its particles get more kinetic energy and move …………..

A

faster

116
Q

If we increase the temperature of the gas in a balloon, the balloon will…

A

expand

117
Q

A student says that a gas exerts pressure on a container because of the particles colliding with one another in the container, and the particles colliding with the walls of the container.

Is the student correct?

A
  • This is not completely correct.
  • The collisions between particles do not exert (apply) pressure. This is because their net (average) effect is 0.
  • Particles do create pressure when they c-collide with the walls.
118
Q

The pressure of a gas produces a net force (the sum of all the forces) at ………….. angles to the wall of a container

A

right

119
Q

pressure x volume =…………

A

constant

120
Q

Doing work on a gas increases the gas’ internal ……………. This increases the ……………….. of the gas.

A
  • energy

- temperature

Physics Yr 10 revision (8 decks)

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