Particle Model of Matter Flashcards
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid and gas
Describe the arrangements and energy of the particles in a solid
- strong forces of attraction
- fixed, regular arrangement
- particles don’t have much energy so they only vibrate about their fixed positions
Describe the arrangements and energy of the particles in a liquid
- weaker forces of attraction between particles
- irregular arrangements
- move in random directions at low speeds
- close together but can move past each other
Describe the arrangements and energy of the particles in a gas
- almost no forces of attraction between the particles
- particles have more energy than in liquids and solids
- free to move in random directions at high speeds
- generally less dense than liquids
How do you find the density of a regular object?
1) use a balance to measure its mass
2) measure its length, width and height and calculate the volume
3) use the formula to work out the volume
How do you work out the density of an irregular object?
1) use a balance to measure the mass of the object
2) fill up a eureka can with water until its just below the spout
3) put a measuring cylinder under the spout
4) place the object inside the eureka can
5) record the volume of water in the measuring cylinder. This is the volume of the object
6) use the mass and volume to work out the density
How do you work out the density of a liquid?
1) place a measuring cylinder on a balance and zero the balance
2) pour 10ml of the liquid into the measuring cylinder and record the liquid’s mass
3) pour another 10ml into the measuring cylinder, repeating the process until the cylinder is full and recording the total volume and mass each time
4) for each measurement, use the formula to find the density
5) finally, take an average of the calculate densities
What are all the change of state?
Solid to liquid is melting
Liquid to gas is boiling or evaporating
Solid to gas is sublimation
Gas to liquid is condensing
Liquid to solid is freezing
What type of change is a change of state?
A physical change where you don’t end up with a new substance - it’s the same substance as you started, just a different form
What is internal energy?
The total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles that make up a system
How does heating change the energy stored within the system?
increases the energy of the particles that make up the system
either raises the temperature of the system or produces a change of state
What is specific latent heat?
The amount of energy needed to change 1kg of a substance from one state to another without changing its temperature
What is specific latent heat of fusion?
The amount of energy needed to change 1kg of a substance from solid to liquid
What is specific latent heat of vaporisation?
The amount of energy needed to change 1kg of a substance from liquid to gas
As the temperature increases, what happens to the pressure at a constant volume?
The pressure increases
What is work
The transfer of energy by a force
What can doing work on a gas do?
Increases the internal energy of the gas and can cause an increase in the temperature of the gas
How does a bike pump increase the temperature of a gas?
- the gas applies pressure to the plunger of the pump, and so exerts a force on it
- work has to be done against this force to push down the plunger
- this transfers energy to the kinetic energy stores of the gas particles, increasing the temperature
- if the pump is connected to a tyre, you should feel it getting warmer
