Partial 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Who’s the father of taxonomy?
A
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
2
Q
What x means in plant names?
A
Cross
3
Q
What does ‘ ‘ mean in plant names?
A
Cultivar man made cross
4
Q
If a cross occurs naturally, how is it called?
A
Variety
5
Q
Its a plant that lasts one year or season
A
Annual
6
Q
What is a biennal plant
A
Lives 2 years and then perish. First year develops roots and leaves the first year and the second it develops fruits
7
Q
What us a perennial plant?
A
Plants that last 3 seasons or more
8
Q
What are the 3 groups of non-floweing plants?
A
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms
9
Q
Do gymnosperm have flowers?
A
No. Angiosperms have
10
Q
Mosses have vascular tissue. T/F
A
False
11
Q
What are rhizoids in mosses?
A
No true roots, they use them for anchorage
12
Q
Mosses reproduce by…
A
Spores, wind dispersal
13
Q
How’s a young fern leaf named?
A
Circinate
14
Q
Do ferns have vascular system?
A
Yes
15
Q
Clustered cones in gymnnosperm
A
Male cones
16
Q
Scattered cones in gymnosperm
A
Female cones
17
Q
How are seeds presented in female cones?
A
Seeds are naked
18
Q
What are the 2 groups of flowering plants?
A
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
19
Q
Type of plants that have one seed-leaf, their veins are paralleled and are herbaceous?
A
Monocots
20
Q
Two seed-leaf plants with veins in form of networks?
A
Dicots
21
Q
What type of flowering plants have fibbrous roots?
A
Monocots. Dicots are taproot
22
Q
How many petals have dicot plants?
A
Multiples of 4 or 5
23
Q
How many petals have monocot plants?
A
Multiples of 3
24
Q
What is plant anatomy?
A
Study of structures. Cells, tissues and organs
25
What is plant physiology?
Study of functions. Water and sugar transport
26
Important saying in plants
Structure correlates to function
27
What are the three types of tissues?
Dermal
Vascular
Ground
28
What is the outermost layer in plants?
Epidermis
29
What is the cuticle?
A waxy layer that prevents water loss
30
What are the thin tube like structures w/out perforations at the end? Part of Xylem
Tracheids
31
Part of xylem that are short wide tubes perforated at the ends and form a pipe?
Vessel elements
32
What are pits in xylem?
Thin sections on the wall
33
Xylem cells are alive? T/F
False
34
Cells that compose the phloem?
Sieve tube members STM
35
Cells that help load materials to STM
Companion cells
36
What are sieve plantes?
Large pores at the end of STMs
37
What Ground tissue does?
Makes up the bulk of plants and there metabolism is done, it stores food and helps in support
38
Explain root hairs
Increase surface area of roots for better water/ions absorption
39
What is the epidermis of roots?
The otermost layer. It offers protection against diseases and absorbs nutrients
40
What does root cortex do?
For support, they store sugar ans starch like yams and sweetpotatoes
41
The innermost layer of root cortex?
Endodermis
42
Casparian strip
Water impermeable strip of waxy material in the endodermis. Helps control uptake of mineral by xylem.
43
Inner parts of herbaceous stems?
Trichomes, pidermis, vascular bundle, cortex and pith
44
Outside to inside organization of woody stems?
```
Bark
Phloem
Cambium
Xylem
Wood
```
45
Cutting around a tree to damage phloem and xylem to kill it
Girdling
46
What is the blade of leaves?
The flat expanded area
47
The stalk that connects leafe blade to stem?
Petiole
48
What color does leaf epidermis is?
Transparent
49
What's in the lower epidermis?
Stomata with guard cells
50
The zone inside leaves?
Leaf mesophyll
51
Long colums below epidermis with a lot of chloroplasts?
Palisade parenchyma
52
Spongy parenchyma
Spherical cells with air spaces for gas exchange
53
Theory that generates the sucking force that pulls adjacent water molecules
Transpiration-cohesion
54
What companion cells need to load sugars to the phloem?
ATP
55
What osmotic water generates through the phloem?
High hydraulic pressure
56
Hormone that promotes cell growth, controlo fruit development, gravitropism and phototropism
Auxin
57
Hormone that prommotes stem elongation
Gibberllins
58
What cytokinins do?
Promotes cell division and organ diffetentiation
59
What abscisic acid do?
Promotes seed dormancy and causes stomata closing
60
Hormone that promotes fruit ripening
Ethylene
61
What do you do in vegetative propagation?
Producing new individuals from roots, stem,s or leaves of existing plants
62
What are runners?
Modifiend stems that grow along the top of the ground and send out their own roots
63
What are rhizomes?
Modified sstems thar go underground to produce new roots. Ex. Grasses
64
What are tubers?
Shorter thick stems that produce eyes that are capable of producing a new plant. Ex. patatoes
65
What are bulbs?
Stem covered with modified leaves whicj can produce a new platn. Ex. Onions
66
Roots capable of producing a new plant
Foods storing roots
67
Artificial propagation is sexual or asexual propagation?
asexual
68
What are cuttings in reproduction?
Pieces of stem cut from parent kesoil or sand
69
What is grafting?
Buds or sections are cut from a plant and attached to another one already rooted
70
If a photon has a wide wiavelength, how energetic is it?
Low energy
71
In plants, what absorbs light?
Pigments
72
What is the main pigment for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll a
73
What colors are better absorbed by chlorophyll?
Blue and red
74
Mention 2 accesory pigments
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids like betacarotene and lycopene
75
What is the function of accesory pigments?
Absorbe light at different wavelengths extending the absorption rate.
Help transfer some energy to chlorophyll a
Protect cells from harmful byproducts
76
Where does the photosynthesis light reaction take place?
In the membrane of the thylakoids of chloroplasts
77
Where does the photosynthesis carbon reaction tanke place?
In the stroma
78
What happens in the light reaction?
Water is broken down to O2 and H+
| It uses energy to generate two energy compounds: ATP and NADPH
79
What happens in the dark reaction?
It can occur in light or dark, though some enzymes require activation by light
Uses ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugars, by entering CO2 to the Calvin Cycle
80
Calvin Cycle
Enter CO2 and the first product is 3-PGA (phosphoglyceric acid). Reason that some plants have a C-3 cycle
The enzyme RUBISCO (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is the main enzyme
81
What is the most aboundant protein on earth?
RUBISCO
82
How efficient is C-3 metabolism?
1-4 % efficient
83
Why C-3 plants have so low efficiency?
Due to photorespiration
84
When is photorespiration activated?
When CO2 concentrations are too low (ex. droughts) and RUBISCO starts to fixate oxygen
85
Main places of respiration
Mitochondia and cytoplasm
86
Stages of respiration
Glycolisis
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport system
87
What a haploid?
Organism that has only one sey of chromosomes per cell
88
What is a diploid?
Organism with 2 sets os chromosomes
89
Mitosis
Cell division that produces 2 genetically identical cells
90
Meiosis
Reduction division that produces 4 haploid reproductive cells
91
Gametophyte is haploid or diploid?
Haploid
92
Sporophyte is haploid or diploid?
Diploid
93
What does alternation of generations mean?
Plants having 2 life cycles
94
Spores are produced through what type of cell division?
meiosis
95
Gametes are produced through what type of cell division?
Mitosis
96
What are complete flowers?
Flowers that have all their parts
97
What is a perfect flower?
Flower that have masculine and femenine parts
98
Where is ploen produced?
Anthers
99
Parts of the masculine part of flowers
Called the stame
| Filament and anthers
100
Parts of the feminine part of flowers
Called pistil formed by
| Ovary, style and stigma
101
What cells do pollen contain?
Two sperm cells, embeded in the tube cell
102
What ceels have the ovule?
An egg cell, 2 polar nucleai of the central cell synerids and antipodals
103
What happens in double fertilization?
One sperm fuses with the central cell and one with thw egg cell
104
What's the purpose of double fertilization?
To produce endosperm
105
After fertilization, what part of the fruit is the ovary wall?
The flesh
106
After fertilization, what part of the fruit is the ovary ?
The fruit
107
After fertilization, what part of the fruit is the ovule?
Seeds
108
Differentiation
Cells with speciallized form and function. They cannot divide
109
Dedifferentiation
Mature cells reverted to meristematic state and for a undifferentiated callus
110
Redifferentiation
Conversion of component cells of a callus to wgile plant or organ
111
Regeneration
Genesis if an entire plant from cultured explants directly or via callus indirectly
112
Hormone involved in photopropism and gravitropism
Auxin
113
5 main groups of hormones
```
Auxins
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abscisic acid
Gibberillins
```
114
Where Auxin is produced
In shoot tips and in developing seeds
115
Actions os auxins
```
Establishment of polarity
Cell elongation
Cell differentiation
Apical dominance
Lateral root formation and adventitiious root formation
Fruit formation
```
116
Name of Auxin receptor
TIRI
117
Where ar cytokinins produced?
Zones with rapid cell division
118
Actions of cytokinins
ell division
Tissue culture
Delay leaf senescence
119
Where and when is ethylen produced?
In most tissues under stress, senescence or ripening
120
Actions of ethylene
Fruit ripening
Leaf and floer senescence
Leaf and fruit abscission
And promotes female flowers uns monoecious plants
121
Wher's abscisic acid produced?
Mature leaves under stress and roots
122
Actions of ABA
```
Stress response
Stimulates stomata closure
Inhibira premature germination of seeds
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy
```
123
Where are gibberellins produced?
In young develpoing shoots and seeds
124
Actions of gibberellins
```
Cell division
Cell elongation
Stimulates seed germination
Stimulates flowering
Stimulates fruit development
```
125
If you want to promote root growth what hormone you use?
Auxins
126
If you want to induce shoot growth what hormone you use?
Cytokinins
127
If you want to produce a callus what hormone you use?
Auxin and cytokinins at equal ratio
128
If you need to germinate a difficult seed what hormone you use?
Gibberellic acid
