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Partial 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who’s the father of taxonomy?

A

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

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2
Q

What x means in plant names?

A

Cross

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3
Q

What does ‘ ‘ mean in plant names?

A

Cultivar man made cross

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4
Q

If a cross occurs naturally, how is it called?

A

Variety

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5
Q

Its a plant that lasts one year or season

A

Annual

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6
Q

What is a biennal plant

A

Lives 2 years and then perish. First year develops roots and leaves the first year and the second it develops fruits

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7
Q

What us a perennial plant?

A

Plants that last 3 seasons or more

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8
Q

What are the 3 groups of non-floweing plants?

A

Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms

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9
Q

Do gymnosperm have flowers?

A

No. Angiosperms have

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10
Q

Mosses have vascular tissue. T/F

A

False

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11
Q

What are rhizoids in mosses?

A

No true roots, they use them for anchorage

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12
Q

Mosses reproduce by…

A

Spores, wind dispersal

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13
Q

How’s a young fern leaf named?

A

Circinate

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14
Q

Do ferns have vascular system?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Clustered cones in gymnnosperm

A

Male cones

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16
Q

Scattered cones in gymnosperm

A

Female cones

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17
Q

How are seeds presented in female cones?

A

Seeds are naked

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18
Q

What are the 2 groups of flowering plants?

A

Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons

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19
Q

Type of plants that have one seed-leaf, their veins are paralleled and are herbaceous?

A

Monocots

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20
Q

Two seed-leaf plants with veins in form of networks?

A

Dicots

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21
Q

What type of flowering plants have fibbrous roots?

A

Monocots. Dicots are taproot

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22
Q

How many petals have dicot plants?

A

Multiples of 4 or 5

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23
Q

How many petals have monocot plants?

A

Multiples of 3

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24
Q

What is plant anatomy?

A

Study of structures. Cells, tissues and organs

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25
Q

What is plant physiology?

A

Study of functions. Water and sugar transport

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26
Q

Important saying in plants

A

Structure correlates to function

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27
Q

What are the three types of tissues?

A

Dermal
Vascular
Ground

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28
Q

What is the outermost layer in plants?

A

Epidermis

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29
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

A waxy layer that prevents water loss

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30
Q

What are the thin tube like structures w/out perforations at the end? Part of Xylem

A

Tracheids

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31
Q

Part of xylem that are short wide tubes perforated at the ends and form a pipe?

A

Vessel elements

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32
Q

What are pits in xylem?

A

Thin sections on the wall

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33
Q

Xylem cells are alive? T/F

A

False

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34
Q

Cells that compose the phloem?

A

Sieve tube members STM

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35
Q

Cells that help load materials to STM

A

Companion cells

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36
Q

What are sieve plantes?

A

Large pores at the end of STMs

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37
Q

What Ground tissue does?

A

Makes up the bulk of plants and there metabolism is done, it stores food and helps in support

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38
Q

Explain root hairs

A

Increase surface area of roots for better water/ions absorption

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39
Q

What is the epidermis of roots?

A

The otermost layer. It offers protection against diseases and absorbs nutrients

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40
Q

What does root cortex do?

A

For support, they store sugar ans starch like yams and sweetpotatoes

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41
Q

The innermost layer of root cortex?

A

Endodermis

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42
Q

Casparian strip

A

Water impermeable strip of waxy material in the endodermis. Helps control uptake of mineral by xylem.

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43
Q

Inner parts of herbaceous stems?

A

Trichomes, pidermis, vascular bundle, cortex and pith

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44
Q

Outside to inside organization of woody stems?

A 
Bark
Phloem
Cambium
Xylem
Wood
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45
Q

Cutting around a tree to damage phloem and xylem to kill it

A

Girdling

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46
Q

What is the blade of leaves?

A

The flat expanded area

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47
Q

The stalk that connects leafe blade to stem?

A

Petiole

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48
Q

What color does leaf epidermis is?

A

Transparent

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49
Q

What’s in the lower epidermis?

A

Stomata with guard cells

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50
Q

The zone inside leaves?

A

Leaf mesophyll

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51
Q

Long colums below epidermis with a lot of chloroplasts?

A

Palisade parenchyma

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52
Q

Spongy parenchyma

A

Spherical cells with air spaces for gas exchange

53
Q

Theory that generates the sucking force that pulls adjacent water molecules

A

Transpiration-cohesion

54
Q

What companion cells need to load sugars to the phloem?

A

ATP

55
Q

What osmotic water generates through the phloem?

A

High hydraulic pressure

56
Q

Hormone that promotes cell growth, controlo fruit development, gravitropism and phototropism

A

Auxin

57
Q

Hormone that prommotes stem elongation

A

Gibberllins

58
Q

What cytokinins do?

A

Promotes cell division and organ diffetentiation

59
Q

What abscisic acid do?

A

Promotes seed dormancy and causes stomata closing

60
Q

Hormone that promotes fruit ripening

A

Ethylene

61
Q

What do you do in vegetative propagation?

A

Producing new individuals from roots, stem,s or leaves of existing plants

62
Q

What are runners?

A

Modifiend stems that grow along the top of the ground and send out their own roots

63
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Modified sstems thar go underground to produce new roots. Ex. Grasses

64
Q

What are tubers?

A

Shorter thick stems that produce eyes that are capable of producing a new plant. Ex. patatoes

65
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Stem covered with modified leaves whicj can produce a new platn. Ex. Onions

66
Q

Roots capable of producing a new plant

A

Foods storing roots

67
Q

Artificial propagation is sexual or asexual propagation?

A

asexual

68
Q

What are cuttings in reproduction?

A

Pieces of stem cut from parent kesoil or sand

69
Q

What is grafting?

A

Buds or sections are cut from a plant and attached to another one already rooted

70
Q

If a photon has a wide wiavelength, how energetic is it?

A

Low energy

71
Q

In plants, what absorbs light?

A

Pigments

72
Q

What is the main pigment for photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll a

73
Q

What colors are better absorbed by chlorophyll?

A

Blue and red

74
Q

Mention 2 accesory pigments

A

Chlorophyll b and carotenoids like betacarotene and lycopene

75
Q

What is the function of accesory pigments?

A

Absorbe light at different wavelengths extending the absorption rate.
Help transfer some energy to chlorophyll a
Protect cells from harmful byproducts

76
Q

Where does the photosynthesis light reaction take place?

A

In the membrane of the thylakoids of chloroplasts

77
Q

Where does the photosynthesis carbon reaction tanke place?

A

In the stroma

78
Q

What happens in the light reaction?

A

Water is broken down to O2 and H+

It uses energy to generate two energy compounds: ATP and NADPH

79
Q

What happens in the dark reaction?

A

It can occur in light or dark, though some enzymes require activation by light

Uses ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugars, by entering CO2 to the Calvin Cycle

80
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Enter CO2 and the first product is 3-PGA (phosphoglyceric acid). Reason that some plants have a C-3 cycle

The enzyme RUBISCO (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is the main enzyme

81
Q

What is the most aboundant protein on earth?

A

RUBISCO

82
Q

How efficient is C-3 metabolism?

A

1-4 % efficient

83
Q

Why C-3 plants have so low efficiency?

A

Due to photorespiration

84
Q

When is photorespiration activated?

A

When CO2 concentrations are too low (ex. droughts) and RUBISCO starts to fixate oxygen

85
Q

Main places of respiration

A

Mitochondia and cytoplasm

86
Q

Stages of respiration

A

Glycolisis
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport system

87
Q

What a haploid?

A

Organism that has only one sey of chromosomes per cell

88
Q

What is a diploid?

A

Organism with 2 sets os chromosomes

89
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that produces 2 genetically identical cells

90
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduction division that produces 4 haploid reproductive cells

91
Q

Gametophyte is haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

92
Q

Sporophyte is haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

93
Q

What does alternation of generations mean?

A

Plants having 2 life cycles

94
Q

Spores are produced through what type of cell division?

A

meiosis

95
Q

Gametes are produced through what type of cell division?

A

Mitosis

96
Q

What are complete flowers?

A

Flowers that have all their parts

97
Q

What is a perfect flower?

A

Flower that have masculine and femenine parts

98
Q

Where is ploen produced?

A

Anthers

99
Q

Parts of the masculine part of flowers

A

Called the stame

Filament and anthers

100
Q

Parts of the feminine part of flowers

A

Called pistil formed by

Ovary, style and stigma

101
Q

What cells do pollen contain?

A

Two sperm cells, embeded in the tube cell

102
Q

What ceels have the ovule?

A

An egg cell, 2 polar nucleai of the central cell synerids and antipodals

103
Q

What happens in double fertilization?

A

One sperm fuses with the central cell and one with thw egg cell

104
Q

What’s the purpose of double fertilization?

A

To produce endosperm

105
Q

After fertilization, what part of the fruit is the ovary wall?

A

The flesh

106
Q

After fertilization, what part of the fruit is the ovary ?

A

The fruit

107
Q

After fertilization, what part of the fruit is the ovule?

A

Seeds

108
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells with speciallized form and function. They cannot divide

109
Q

Dedifferentiation

A

Mature cells reverted to meristematic state and for a undifferentiated callus

110
Q

Redifferentiation

A

Conversion of component cells of a callus to wgile plant or organ

111
Q

Regeneration

A

Genesis if an entire plant from cultured explants directly or via callus indirectly

112
Q

Hormone involved in photopropism and gravitropism

A

Auxin

113
Q

5 main groups of hormones

A 
Auxins
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abscisic acid
Gibberillins
114
Q

Where Auxin is produced

A

In shoot tips and in developing seeds

115
Q

Actions os auxins

A 
Establishment of polarity
Cell elongation
Cell differentiation
Apical dominance
Lateral root formation and adventitiious root formation
Fruit formation
116
Q

Name of Auxin receptor

A

TIRI

117
Q

Where ar cytokinins produced?

A

Zones with rapid cell division

118
Q

Actions of cytokinins

A

ell division
Tissue culture
Delay leaf senescence

119
Q

Where and when is ethylen produced?

A

In most tissues under stress, senescence or ripening

120
Q

Actions of ethylene

A

Fruit ripening
Leaf and floer senescence
Leaf and fruit abscission
And promotes female flowers uns monoecious plants

121
Q

Wher’s abscisic acid produced?

A

Mature leaves under stress and roots

122
Q

Actions of ABA

A 
Stress response
Stimulates stomata closure
Inhibira premature germination of seeds
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy
123
Q

Where are gibberellins produced?

A

In young develpoing shoots and seeds

124
Q

Actions of gibberellins

A 
Cell division
Cell elongation
Stimulates seed germination
Stimulates flowering
Stimulates fruit development
125
Q

If you want to promote root growth what hormone you use?

A

Auxins

126
Q

If you want to induce shoot growth what hormone you use?

A

Cytokinins

127
Q

If you want to produce a callus what hormone you use?

A

Auxin and cytokinins at equal ratio

128
Q

If you need to germinate a difficult seed what hormone you use?

A

Gibberellic acid

Tissue culture (3 decks)

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