Partial 1 Flashcards
Who’s the father of taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
What x means in plant names?
Cross
What does ‘ ‘ mean in plant names?
Cultivar man made cross
If a cross occurs naturally, how is it called?
Variety
Its a plant that lasts one year or season
Annual
What is a biennal plant
Lives 2 years and then perish. First year develops roots and leaves the first year and the second it develops fruits
What us a perennial plant?
Plants that last 3 seasons or more
What are the 3 groups of non-floweing plants?
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Do gymnosperm have flowers?
No. Angiosperms have
Mosses have vascular tissue. T/F
False
What are rhizoids in mosses?
No true roots, they use them for anchorage
Mosses reproduce by…
Spores, wind dispersal
How’s a young fern leaf named?
Circinate
Do ferns have vascular system?
Yes
Clustered cones in gymnnosperm
Male cones
Scattered cones in gymnosperm
Female cones
How are seeds presented in female cones?
Seeds are naked
What are the 2 groups of flowering plants?
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
Type of plants that have one seed-leaf, their veins are paralleled and are herbaceous?
Monocots
Two seed-leaf plants with veins in form of networks?
Dicots
What type of flowering plants have fibbrous roots?
Monocots. Dicots are taproot
How many petals have dicot plants?
Multiples of 4 or 5
How many petals have monocot plants?
Multiples of 3
What is plant anatomy?
Study of structures. Cells, tissues and organs
What is plant physiology?
Study of functions. Water and sugar transport
Important saying in plants
Structure correlates to function
What are the three types of tissues?
Dermal
Vascular
Ground
What is the outermost layer in plants?
Epidermis
What is the cuticle?
A waxy layer that prevents water loss
What are the thin tube like structures w/out perforations at the end? Part of Xylem
Tracheids
Part of xylem that are short wide tubes perforated at the ends and form a pipe?
Vessel elements
What are pits in xylem?
Thin sections on the wall
Xylem cells are alive? T/F
False
Cells that compose the phloem?
Sieve tube members STM
Cells that help load materials to STM
Companion cells
What are sieve plantes?
Large pores at the end of STMs
What Ground tissue does?
Makes up the bulk of plants and there metabolism is done, it stores food and helps in support
Explain root hairs
Increase surface area of roots for better water/ions absorption
What is the epidermis of roots?
The otermost layer. It offers protection against diseases and absorbs nutrients
What does root cortex do?
For support, they store sugar ans starch like yams and sweetpotatoes
The innermost layer of root cortex?
Endodermis
Casparian strip
Water impermeable strip of waxy material in the endodermis. Helps control uptake of mineral by xylem.
Inner parts of herbaceous stems?
Trichomes, pidermis, vascular bundle, cortex and pith
Outside to inside organization of woody stems?
Bark Phloem Cambium Xylem Wood
Cutting around a tree to damage phloem and xylem to kill it
Girdling
What is the blade of leaves?
The flat expanded area
The stalk that connects leafe blade to stem?
Petiole
What color does leaf epidermis is?
Transparent
What’s in the lower epidermis?
Stomata with guard cells
The zone inside leaves?
Leaf mesophyll
Long colums below epidermis with a lot of chloroplasts?
Palisade parenchyma
Spongy parenchyma
Spherical cells with air spaces for gas exchange
Theory that generates the sucking force that pulls adjacent water molecules
Transpiration-cohesion
What companion cells need to load sugars to the phloem?
ATP
What osmotic water generates through the phloem?
High hydraulic pressure
Hormone that promotes cell growth, controlo fruit development, gravitropism and phototropism
Auxin
Hormone that prommotes stem elongation
Gibberllins
What cytokinins do?
Promotes cell division and organ diffetentiation
What abscisic acid do?
Promotes seed dormancy and causes stomata closing
Hormone that promotes fruit ripening
Ethylene
What do you do in vegetative propagation?
Producing new individuals from roots, stem,s or leaves of existing plants
What are runners?
Modifiend stems that grow along the top of the ground and send out their own roots
What are rhizomes?
Modified sstems thar go underground to produce new roots. Ex. Grasses
What are tubers?
Shorter thick stems that produce eyes that are capable of producing a new plant. Ex. patatoes
What are bulbs?
Stem covered with modified leaves whicj can produce a new platn. Ex. Onions
Roots capable of producing a new plant
Foods storing roots
Artificial propagation is sexual or asexual propagation?
asexual
What are cuttings in reproduction?
Pieces of stem cut from parent kesoil or sand
What is grafting?
Buds or sections are cut from a plant and attached to another one already rooted
If a photon has a wide wiavelength, how energetic is it?
Low energy
In plants, what absorbs light?
Pigments
What is the main pigment for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll a
What colors are better absorbed by chlorophyll?
Blue and red
Mention 2 accesory pigments
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids like betacarotene and lycopene
What is the function of accesory pigments?
Absorbe light at different wavelengths extending the absorption rate.
Help transfer some energy to chlorophyll a
Protect cells from harmful byproducts
Where does the photosynthesis light reaction take place?
In the membrane of the thylakoids of chloroplasts
Where does the photosynthesis carbon reaction tanke place?
In the stroma
What happens in the light reaction?
Water is broken down to O2 and H+
It uses energy to generate two energy compounds: ATP and NADPH
What happens in the dark reaction?
It can occur in light or dark, though some enzymes require activation by light
Uses ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugars, by entering CO2 to the Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle
Enter CO2 and the first product is 3-PGA (phosphoglyceric acid). Reason that some plants have a C-3 cycle
The enzyme RUBISCO (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is the main enzyme
What is the most aboundant protein on earth?
RUBISCO
How efficient is C-3 metabolism?
1-4 % efficient
Why C-3 plants have so low efficiency?
Due to photorespiration
When is photorespiration activated?
When CO2 concentrations are too low (ex. droughts) and RUBISCO starts to fixate oxygen
Main places of respiration
Mitochondia and cytoplasm
Stages of respiration
Glycolisis
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport system
What a haploid?
Organism that has only one sey of chromosomes per cell
What is a diploid?
Organism with 2 sets os chromosomes
Mitosis
Cell division that produces 2 genetically identical cells
Meiosis
Reduction division that produces 4 haploid reproductive cells
Gametophyte is haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Sporophyte is haploid or diploid?
Diploid
What does alternation of generations mean?
Plants having 2 life cycles
Spores are produced through what type of cell division?
meiosis
Gametes are produced through what type of cell division?
Mitosis
What are complete flowers?
Flowers that have all their parts
What is a perfect flower?
Flower that have masculine and femenine parts
Where is ploen produced?
Anthers
Parts of the masculine part of flowers
Called the stame
Filament and anthers
Parts of the feminine part of flowers
Called pistil formed by
Ovary, style and stigma
What cells do pollen contain?
Two sperm cells, embeded in the tube cell
What ceels have the ovule?
An egg cell, 2 polar nucleai of the central cell synerids and antipodals
What happens in double fertilization?
One sperm fuses with the central cell and one with thw egg cell
What’s the purpose of double fertilization?
To produce endosperm
After fertilization, what part of the fruit is the ovary wall?
The flesh
After fertilization, what part of the fruit is the ovary ?
The fruit
After fertilization, what part of the fruit is the ovule?
Seeds
Differentiation
Cells with speciallized form and function. They cannot divide
Dedifferentiation
Mature cells reverted to meristematic state and for a undifferentiated callus
Redifferentiation
Conversion of component cells of a callus to wgile plant or organ
Regeneration
Genesis if an entire plant from cultured explants directly or via callus indirectly
Hormone involved in photopropism and gravitropism
Auxin
5 main groups of hormones
Auxins Cytokinins Ethylene Abscisic acid Gibberillins
Where Auxin is produced
In shoot tips and in developing seeds
Actions os auxins
Establishment of polarity Cell elongation Cell differentiation Apical dominance Lateral root formation and adventitiious root formation Fruit formation
Name of Auxin receptor
TIRI
Where ar cytokinins produced?
Zones with rapid cell division
Actions of cytokinins
ell division
Tissue culture
Delay leaf senescence
Where and when is ethylen produced?
In most tissues under stress, senescence or ripening
Actions of ethylene
Fruit ripening
Leaf and floer senescence
Leaf and fruit abscission
And promotes female flowers uns monoecious plants
Wher’s abscisic acid produced?
Mature leaves under stress and roots
Actions of ABA
Stress response Stimulates stomata closure Inhibira premature germination of seeds Embryogenesis Seed dormancy
Where are gibberellins produced?
In young develpoing shoots and seeds
Actions of gibberellins
Cell division Cell elongation Stimulates seed germination Stimulates flowering Stimulates fruit development
If you want to promote root growth what hormone you use?
Auxins
If you want to induce shoot growth what hormone you use?
Cytokinins
If you want to produce a callus what hormone you use?
Auxin and cytokinins at equal ratio
If you need to germinate a difficult seed what hormone you use?
Gibberellic acid
