part two Flashcards
Why did masculinity become an issue in the late 19th century? (4)
closing of frontier, no military activity, wage earners instead of being self-employed, women being more liberated
How was masculinity defined during the late 19th century?
strong, needing separation from women, in control of household, needing to bond with sons
How did the male body image change during the late 19th century?
leany/wiry to muscular
What was the role of the late 19th century version of the National Police Gazette?
to promote a modern masculinity
Describe the ideal female body image and its consequences.
thin, large breasts, large behind, perfect skin
Why is there an increased number of males reporting eating disorders?
Increased images of thin, muscular men with images advocating for an obliteration of fat
Briefly describe social comparison theory.
humans have a drive to evaluate their opinions and abilities and that with the absence of an objective physical way to evaluate oneself, social comparisons are used to meet this drive.
How does social comparison theory and the media relate to male and female body image? (3)
- humans socially compare themselves with like individuals in the media.
- we are bombarded with images in various media forms.
- these mediated images have continuously increased
What were the findings of a study of magazines with respect to their portrayal of male bodies?
slight increase of pages, male bodies more lean and muscular, more v-shaped bodies
How do magazines in 2015 portray male bodies?
sexualized, muscular, self-health
How has advertising changed since the first Killing Us Softly?
it’s worsened
What movement was occurring when the first Killing Us Softly was released?
women’s movement of the 1970s
Where can one find ads?
everywhere
What do ads tell us about women?
- That’s what’s most important is how we look; ideal female beauty
- It cannot be achieved
How have the messages ads tell us about women gotten worse?
CANNOT FIND
How do media alter people’s looks? Give examples of how this has occurred with celebrities.
- Computer retouching
- 4 or 5 women put together to look like one ‘perfect’ or ideal woman
- photoshop
What do women of color have to look like to be considered beautiful?
Generally considered beautiful when they approximate the white ideal; light skinned, straight hair, white features
How are black women depicted in ads?
Jungle settings with leopard skins as if they are exotic animals
How do ads lead to violence against women?
Turning a hunman being into a ‘thing’ justifies violence against that person; seen with racism, homophobia, terrorism; dehumanization and violence becomes inevitable
How do the ads depict violence against women?
glamorized, sexualized
What part of the woman’s body tends to be the focus of ads? What have been the consequences?
breasts; 754% increase in nonsurgical cosmetic procedures; 114% increase in cosmetic surgeries
-breast implants result in lost feeling in breasts
What did Jean Kilbourne say was the difference between the way men and women viewed their bodies?
- men are rarely dismembered
- men aren’t associated with copy that degrades them
- men don’t live in a world in which their bodies are routinely, criticized, scrutinized, and judged
How do ads depict women who are not considered “traditionally beautiful?”
- ridiculed in advertising campaigns; meant to be funny but you’re just an object of ridicule and contempt
- mocking celebrities who have gained weight; cutting girls down to size
How are gay men and gay women portrayed in ads?
- They barely exist outside of targeted publications
- Lesbian portrayal almost exclusively comes from the world of porn
For men, what behavior is linked to masculinity?
There better not be anything about you that can be deemed as feminine
How is femininity devalued?
Result: women devalue selves and each other; men devalue women and all things feminine
What can we do about the consequences of these depictions?
- Aware, active, educated public
- citizens vs consumers
- ability to have authentic and freely chosen lives
Why did Jackson Katz say that violence was a men’s issue?
the vast majority of violence is committed by men, young men, and boys
How is violence against women framed?
- Like something bad that just happens to women, men are rarely named as the culprit
- Seen as a women’s issue where women must be helped after-the-fact
How do the media present violence as gender neutral?
Framed as a kids issue and a problem with youth in general
How do the gun industry and violent video game industry work together to make money?
- Paid by the firearms industry. American military uses violent video games and movies in training
- Glorifies violent masculinity
What groups tend to be missing with respect to the following categories: race, sexuality, gender?
- Race and culture come to focus when men of color commit crimes/violent crimes
- White, heterosexual, men seem to be forgotten
Why do the groups tend to be missing?
We ignore the dominant group; they are made invisible
How are boys taught to be tough, violent?
- Learned vs taught;
- Boy-code where boys are taught to act tough and not show their feelings
- Young men police themselves into conformity; explicit and implicit warnings