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building NS > part one > Flashcards

part one Flashcards

1
Q

do single celled organisms have a nervous system?

A

no, they’re single celled

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2
Q

what are single celled organisms receptive and responsive to?

A

external stimuli

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3
Q

why do single celled organisms have spontaneous activity?

A

it’s in response to their internal environment

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4
Q

what properties to single celled organisms share with a nervous system?

A

receptive, responsive and also spontaneous activity.

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5
Q

when does a nervous system appear?

A

in multicellular organisms

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6
Q

what comes with multicellularity?

A

specialisation

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7
Q

in marine sponges what does water flow through? flow out of? and what causes this flow?

A

flows through the cell wall, flows out of the osculum and flagella cause this flow

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8
Q

what is water flow in marine sponges regulated by?

A

it is regulated by myocytes.

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9
Q

what are myocytes? where are they found?

A

they are primitive muscle like cells, found in the channels

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10
Q

what does it mean when something is an independant effector?

A

that they can act without the nervous system

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11
Q

what does autoregulative refer to?

A

refers to independant effectors

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12
Q

what do myocytes respond to?

A

they respond to stretch when water moves through or to signals such as chemical signals.

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13
Q

what kind of cells are the first neurons? where do these span from?

A

probably sensorimotor cells. span from the exterior to effector cells

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14
Q

why are neurons important in hydra?

A

they help the hydras tenticles trap particles

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15
Q

where do motor neurons receive input from?

A

from true sensory neurons

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16
Q

where do motor neurons have output to? (2)

A

effector cells and other motorneurons

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17
Q

what are amacrine processes?

A

they conduct action potentials both ways

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18
Q

what is a nerve net?

A

the nerves are scattered eveny around organs

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19
Q

what are interneurons and why do they allow more complex interactions?

A

they are between sensory and motor neurons. because they allow inhibition or excitation

20
Q

what does spontaneity in all classes refer to?

A

it means all neurons are capable pf spontaneity

21
Q

in higher organisms what may spontaneous activity regulate?

A

the development of connectivity

22
Q

what may the modulation of spontaneous activity do?

A

it may underly learning

23
Q

if something can move what does this mean?

A

it has a front and a back

24
Q

what do flatworms have a clustering of?

A

neurons

25
Q

what do clustered neurons in flatworms show? (5)

A 
gangliation
cephalization
bilateral symmetry
fasciculation
commisures
26
Q

what is cephalization

A

it’s the development of a head

27
Q

what is fasiculation

A

axonal bundles

28
Q

what are commissures

A

clustering of processes running from one side to another

29
Q

in annelids what fuses?

A

the longitudinal nerve cords

30
Q

how many neurons and glia does the c. elegans have?

A

302 neurons and 56 glia

31
Q

what nerve cords does the c.elegans have?

A

ventral, dorsal and lateral

32
Q

what lineage does the c. elegans NS have? what are most neurons derived from?

A

ectodermal, most neurons derived from AB cells

33
Q

where are the precursor neuronal cells found first, then what happens?

A

found on the surface of the embryo and then migrate in

34
Q

what’s different about the drosphilla embryo development

A

it forms a syncytial blastoderm due to nuclear division occuring interiorily without any cytokinesis

35
Q

in drosophilla embryo development what happens once the nucleii are generated? what does this form

A

nuclear migration and cellularization occurs, forms a cellular blastoderm

36
Q

what is cellularization?

A

the cell wall forms

37
Q

what two processes occur after the cellular blastoderm is formed?

A

gastrulation and then neurogenesis

38
Q

what does delamination lead to?

A

the formation of neuroblasts

39
Q

what is delamination?

A

when cells pull away from the surface and migrate

40
Q

what do neuroblasts form?

A

ganglion mother cells

41
Q

what do ganglion mother cells form?

A

neurons and glia

42
Q

what does the vertebrate nervous system form from?

A

ectoderm

43
Q

what is different about the nervous system in vertebrates to that of insects?

A

it is dorsal unlike in insects where it’s ventral

44
Q

what’s the common feature of the NS across organisms?

A

we all have a phase where surface cells involute under other surface cells

45
Q

what does a variety in neurons give?

A

flexibility and co-ordination

46
Q

what happens when organisms become polarised?

A

neurons and axons become aggregated

building NS (5 decks)

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