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Microbiology > Part III - Basic Principles > Flashcards

Part III - Basic Principles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is temperature range of bacteria optimized to grow in humans?

A

35-40 degrees C

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1
Q

What was Girolamo Fracastoro known for?

A

Proposed that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable spores “seeds”

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2
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

range between 45 and 70 degrees C

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3
Q

Oxygen requirements for obligate aerobes?

A

ABSOLUTE requirement for O2. Use it to generate energy

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4
Q

Oxygen requirements for obligate anaerobes?

A

Cannot multiply if O2 is present - often killed by traces of O2

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5
Q

Oxygen requirements for facultative anaerobes?

A

grow better if O2 is present, but can grow without it

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6
Q

Oxygen requirements for microaerophiles?

A

Require small amouns of O2 for aerobic respiration. Higher conc. Of O2 is inhibitory

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7
Q

Oxygen requirements for aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

indifferent to O2. Can grow in its presence but don?t use it to transform energy

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8
Q

What is superoxide ion?

A

O2-

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9
Q

What is superoxide capable of?

A

participating in destructive rxns, potentially lethal to cell

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10
Q

What is H2O2 generated as, and is it damaging to cell?

A

Oxidizing agent, does not damage cell as much as superoxide

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11
Q

Is OH- very damaging?

A

Very damaging, but transient in cells

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12
Q

What enzymes are used by cells to degrade toxins?

A

superoxide dismutase, catalase

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13
Q

What does superoxide dismutase do?

A

converts O2- to H2O2 and O2

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14
Q

What does catalase do?

A

converts H2O2 to H2O and O2

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15
Q

What is the typical internal pH of cells?

A

Near 7

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16
Q

What pH environment do neutrophiles live in?

A

pH 5-8

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17
Q

What pH environment do acidophiles live in?

A

ph <5.5

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18
Q

What pH environment do alkalophiles live in?

A

pH >8.5

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19
Q

Water requirements for microbial growth?

A

All microbes require water for growth but some can survive/multiply in high salt

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20
Q

How do some microbes survive in high salt?

A

increasing solute concentration inside cell

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21
Q

What is osmotolerant bacteria?

A

tolerant of high salt environments (up to 10%)

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22
Q

What are halophiles?

A

REQUIRE high levels of salt to live and multiply (>10%)

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23
Q

What are mesophiles?

A

range between 25 and 45 degrees C

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24
Q

What are psychrophiles?

A

range between -5 and 15 degrees C

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25
Q

ATP yield from fermentation?

A

2-4 ATP

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26
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Use of reducing power of NADH and FADH2 to synthesize ATP

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27
Q

What is the chemiosmotic theory?

A

ATP synthesized as result of proton motive force generated by passing e- along chain

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28
Q

Net gain of NADH from glycolysis?

A

2 NADH

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29
Q

What is one molecule of glucose converted to in glycolysis?

A

Two molecules of pyruvate

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30
Q

When does glycolysis occur?

A

In presence OR absence of oxygen

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31
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breakdown of carbs, lipids, proteins

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32
Q

What is biochemical testing (for bacterial ID)?

A

test for utilization of different substrates (sugars)

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33
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of bacteria? (5)

A
  1. colony characteristics 2. cell shape 3. presence of capsule/endospore 4. staining (G+ vs G-) 5. Locomotion (presence of flagella)
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34
Q

Are endospores reproductive structures?

A

NO - protective

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35
Q

What are sex pili used for?

A

Transfer of DNA during conjugation

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36
Q

What are pili?

A

Shorter thinner protein structure with similar structure to flagella

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37
Q

What are storage granules aka?

A

inclusion bodies, granular inclusions

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38
Q

What are storage granules?

A

accumulations of high molecular weight polymers

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39
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

organelles composed of ribosomal RNA and protein

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40
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

small extrachromosomal DNA - capable of autonomous replication

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41
Q

What type of bacteria are mesosomes found in?

A

BOTH gram positive and gram negative

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42
Q

What type of mechanisms are used by bacterial cell membrane?

A

Secretory and excretory

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43
Q

How often is facilitated diffusion used in bacteria?

A

Rarely

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44
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

passive transport

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45
Q

Structure of cytoplasmic cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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46
Q

What causes rigidity of cell wall?

A

High sterol content

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47
Q

What is an acid fast cell wall?

A

Group of microbes that do not readily take up stain

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48
Q

What is outer membrane of G- cell walls made of?

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

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49
Q

What color do Gram positive bacteria stain?

A

Purple

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50
Q

Cell wall structure of Gram positive bacteria?

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer surrounds cell membrane

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51
Q

What is a slime layer?

A

Loose structure, permits particles to pass

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52
Q

Function of glycocalyx?

A

Adherence, physical barrier, protective walls

53
Q

What shape are pleomorphic bacteria?

A

variable In shape, lack a single characteristic form

54
Q

What shape are spirochete bacteria?

A

Spiral shaped. Unique motility

55
Q

What shape are coccobacillus bacteria?

A

rod-shaped with round ends (mistaken for coccus)

56
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A

Must be:
Found in all cases of the disease examined
Isolated and maintained in pure culture
Capable of reproducing infection
Retrieved from an inoculated animal and cultured again

57
Q

What are Koch’s postulates used for?

A

To establish that an organism is the cause of a disease

58
Q

What was Robert Koch known for?

A

Discovered anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera bacilli (TB vaccine)
Koch’s postulates

59
Q

What was Louis Pasteur known for?

A

Demonstrated that growth of microorganisms in broth is NOT due to spontaneous generation
Showed that microorganisms contaminate fermenting beverages
Invented pasteurization
Proposed aseptic techniques

60
Q

What was Friedrich Henle known for?

A

Proposed criteria for proving that microorganisms cause human disease - the germ theory

61
Q

What was Ignaz Semmelweis known for?

A

Proposed connection between contamination and puerperal fever, instituted policy of washing hands between patients

62
Q

What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek known for?

A

Father of Microbiology
Constructed first microscopes
First to observe and describe microbes (“animalcules”)

62
Q

What was Robert Hooke known for?

A

Coined the term “cell” in his book Micrographia

62
Q

What is Fredrick Griffith known for?

A

Experiments suggested that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information

62
Q

What are Watson and Crick known for?

A

Determined structure of DNA

62
Q

What shape are cocci bacteria?

A

Spherical

62
Q

What shape are bacillus bacteria?

A

rod-shaped

62
Q

What are Avery, McCarty and MacLeod known for?

A

Concluded that “transforming substance” found by Griffith was DNA

62
Q

What is John Cairns known for?

A

First described bacterial chromosome as circular

62
Q

What shape are spirillum bacteria?

A

Spiral

62
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Inclusive term for polysaccharide-containing material lying outside cell

62
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Rigid structure, tight matrix

62
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

resists phagocytosis (of bacteria)

62
Q

What is virulence?

A

“to cause disease”

62
Q

What is cell wall of bacteria made of?

A

Peptidoglycan - provides rigidity

62
Q

Where are peptidoglycans found?

A

only in bacteria

62
Q

What do Gram positive bacteria cell walls contain (create negative charge)?

A

Teichoic acids

62
Q

Structure of Gram negative cell wall?

A

Cell membrane - Peptidoglycan - Outer membrane

62
Q

Why is LPS known as an endotoxin?

A

It is toxic and is inherent part of cell wall

62
Q

What is LPS composed of?

A

lipid A, core polysaccharide, O specific polysaccharide

62
Q

What is the toxic portion of LPS?

A

Lipid A

62
Q

What color do Gram negative bacteria stain?

A

Pink

62
Q

Why do acid fast cell walls not take up stain?

A

Due to lipid content of cell wall

62
Q

Which genus are all acid fast?

A

Mycobacterium

62
Q

What genus of bacteria lack a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma

62
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Fluid structure containing proteins moving in bilayer

62
Q

What does it mean that phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable?

A

Few molecules move through via diffusion

62
Q

What is active transport?

A

transport proteins used to move substances across membrane. Requires energy

62
Q

What is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in bacteria?

A

Cell membrane

62
Q

What is the location of enzymes used in DNA replication in bacteria?

A

Cell membrane - no nucleus

62
Q

What do proteins that extrude from the surface of bacterial cell membrane act as?

A

Receptors in cell metabolism, cell communication

62
Q

What is a mesosome?

A

Invagination of cytoplasmic membrane that can form into vesicles

62
Q

What may mesosomes play a role in?

A

chromosome replication and distribution

62
Q

What is the periplasmic space?

A

Space between inner and outer membranes in gram negative cells

62
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

region of bacterial cell containing DNA - usually circular

62
Q

What are flagella?

A

long protein structure responsible for most bacterial motility

62
Q

What can flagella act as?

A

Virulence factor

62
Q

What are the 2 types of pili?

A

peptidoglycan - provides rigidity

62
Q

What are attachment pili aka?

A

Fimbriae

62
Q

What can pili act as?

A

Virulence factor

62
Q

What are endospores?

A

unique dormant cell type produced in response to adverse conditions

62
Q

How does an endospore act as a virulence factor?

A

Resist heat, drying, disinfectants

62
Q

Two Gram + genera that produce endospores?

A

Bacillus (gangrene, anthrax) and clostridium (botulism, tetany)

62
Q

What was the earliest classification system?

A

2 kingdoms (Linnaeus)

62
Q

What was Woese’s classification system?

A

5, then 6 kingdoms

62
Q

Most recent classification system?

A

3 domain system - bacteria, archaea, eukarya

62
Q

Bacterial classification system? (order)

A

Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species - Strain

62
Q

What is usually used to name organisms?

A

Genus, species

62
Q

What is molecular taxonomy?

A

Size of genome, guanine/cytosine content, nucleic acid similarity, protein similarity

62
Q

What is diagnostic molecular pathology?

A

Use in vivo hybridization - create fluorescent probe of known DNA, apply to tissue to see if match with complimentary strands present

62
Q

What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

A

allows for production of millions of copies of target nucleic acid

62
Q

What type of primers should be used for PCR?

A

Speicfic for target

62
Q

What are immunological tests?

A

analyze blood serum to search for specific antibodies

62
Q

What is a serotype?

A

Indicator that organism possesses specific set of antigens

62
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

virus that infects bacterium

62
Q

Why can bacteriophages be used to type bacteria?

A

Phages are very host specific

62
Q

What is antibiotic sensitivity testing?

A

Subject a sample to various antibiotics to test for resistance/susceptibility

62
Q

What is anabolism?

A

ATP derived used in synthesis of cellular components

62
Q

Primary carb used to produce energy?

A

Glucose

62
Q

Net gain of ATP from substrate level phosphorylation?

A

2 ATP

62
Q

What is pyruvic acid oxidized to in TCA cycle?

A

water and CO2

62
Q

Net gain of ATP/NADH/FADH2 from TCA cycle?

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

62
Q

What do NADH and FADH2 enter after TCA cycle?

A

Electron transport chain

62
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in ETS?

A

Oxygen

62
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Process of transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to OXYGEN

62
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

In absence of O2, electrons are transferred to an INORGANIC terminal electron acceptor (ex. Sulfur)

62
Q

What is Fermentation?

A

In absence of O2, electrons are transferred to an ORGANIC terminal electron acceptor

62
Q

What organisms use fermentation?

A

organisms that can’t respire

62
Q

ATP yield from aerobic respiration?

A

38 ATP

62
Q

ATP yield from anaerobic respiration?

A

30 or less ATP

Microbiology (3 decks)

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