Part II Flashcards
Which 3 political and legal environments are there?
- the home country environment
- the host country environment
- the general environment
How do you define the home country’s environment?
the environment of the country the company originates from
What aim do promotional activities promoted by governmental organization have?
Direct government attempts to make a country’s products more competitive in the world market
Which internal barriers do government export promotion programs and programs for global marketing activities deal with? (3)
- lack of motivation
- lack of adequate information
- operational/resource-based limitations
How is the home country’s government involved with financial activities?
Through the membership of international financial organizations such as IMF and the World Bank, the national government can assume its role as an international banker
How is the home country’s government involved with information services?
For smaller firms that cannot do own research or hire outside researchers national government is the major source of basic marketing information
Which national government activities stimulate export? (4)
- Trade development offices
- Government-sponsored trade fairs and exhibitions
- Sponsoring trade missions of business people who go abroad for the puprose of making sales
- Operating permanent trade centers in foreign market ares
How do non-governmental organizations play a role in the promotion of global marketing? (6)
- Industry and trade associations, national, regional and sectoral industry associations
- Chambers of commerce
- Other organizations concerned with trade promotion
- Export service organization
- Banks
- Transport and trading companies
What is state trading?
Many former communist countries are now allowing some private trading activities, either through joint ventures or as a result of pivatization of state-owned enterprises
What is the host country environment?
the environment of the country the business wants to expand to
What are the three major types of political risks for the host country environment?
- Ownership risk
- Operating risk
- Transfer risk
What does ownership risk expose?
property and life
What does operating risk refer to?
the interference with the ongoing operations of a firm
When is transfer risk mainly encountered?
when companies want to transfer capital between countries
What are import restrictions?
selective restrictions on the important materials, machines, and parts
What are local-content laws?
countries require a portion of a product sold to have local content
What are exchange controls?
shortage of foreign exchange /controls to conserve the supply
What is market control?
controls to prevent foreign companies from competing in certain markets
What is price control?
price control over products that command considerable public interest
What are tax controls used for?
used as a means of controlling foreign investments
What are labor restrictions?
When labor unions persuade the government to pass laws that support labor for nationals
What can be the effect of a change of government on businesses?
This new government may not continue the agreement of previous deals
What is domestication?
Continual restrictions placed on foreign firms gradually over time
What are trade barriers?
Trade laws (often tariffs) that favor local firms and discriminate against foreign ones
What are the two main reasons that countries levy tariffs?
- To protect domestic producers
* To generate revenue
What are tariffs?
A tool used by governments to protect local companies from outside competition.
What are non-tariff barriers?
non-monetary barriers to foreign products
What are the 3 most common forms of tariffs?
- specific
- ad valorem
- discriminatory
What are specific tariffs?
Charges imposed on a particular product by weight or volume, this is charged in local currency
What are ad valorem tariffs?
straight percentage of the value of the goods is charged
What are discriminatory tariffs?
tariffs charged against goods coming from a particular country
What are quotas?
A restriction on the amount (units or weight) of a good that can enter or leave a country during a certain period of time
What is an embargo?
A complete ban on trade on one or more products with a particular country
What is an administrative delay?
Regulatory controls or bureaucratic rules designed to impair the rapid flow of imports into a country
Why do countries impose import quotas? (2)
- to protect domestic producers, having them maintain market share
- force foreign countries to compete against each other for the limited amount of imports
Why do countries impose export quotas? (2)
- maintain adequate supplies of products in the home country
- limit supply on world markets
What are local-content requirements?
a law stipulating that a specified amount of a good or service be supplied by producers in the domestic market
What are the three steps of political risk analysis?
- Issues of relevance to the firm
- Potential political events
- Probable impacts and responses
What do you do in step 1 of the political risk analysis? (issues of relevance to the firm) (2)
- Determine critical economic/business issues relevant to the firm
- Assess the relative importance of these issues
What do you do in step 2 of the political risk analysis? (potential political events) (4)
- Determine the relevant political events
- Determine their probability of occurring
- Determine the cause and effect relationships
- Determine the government’s ability and willingness to respond