Part I: Immunology

Question 0

What are the characteristics of non-specific immunity

Answer 0

• response is antigen independent
• immediate maximal response
• not antigen specific
• exposure results in no immunologic memory

Question 1

What are the two classifications of immunity for protection against infection and disease

Answer 1

Non-specific (innate)

Specific (adaptive)

Question 2

What are the characteristics of specific immunity

Answer 2

• Response is antigen-dependent
• There is lag-time between exposure and maximal response
• Antigen specific
• Exposure results in immunologic memory

Question 3

What cells are granulocytes

Answer 3

• neutrophils
• basophils
• eosinophils
• monocytes

Question 4

What are neutrophils

Answer 4

• 60-65% of white blood cells
• rapidly migrating phagocytic cells
• activated by tumor necrosis factor (a cytokine)

Question 5

What are basophils

Answer 5

-release histamines, triggered by IgE in allergic reaction

Question 6

What is a basophils similar to?

Answer 6

Mast cells

• > similar to basophils, but found only in tissue
• > also release histamine

Question 7

What is an eosinophil

Answer 7

involved in destruction of parasites

Question 8

What are monocytes

Answer 8

circulate in blood, migrate into tissue and develop into either macrophage or dendritic cell

Question 9

What is a macrophage

Answer 9

• has bi-lobed nucleus
• Primary functions: 1. phagocytosis 2. antigen presentation
• migratory macrophages are active in tissue having been stimulated by cytokines

Question 10

What is stimulation of a macrophage a result of

Answer 10

• presence of microbe
• inflammation
• T-lymphocytes

Question 11

What are dendritic cells

Answer 11

• mobile, branched cells
• highly phagocytic in early life
• involved in adaptive immune response (antigen presentation)

Question 12

What cells are lymphocytes

Answer 12

• T lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes
• Natural killer cells

Question 13

What are T lymphocytes

Answer 13

• differentiated in thymus
• long lived
• many types -> helper, cytotoxic, regulatory

Question 14

What do T-helper cells do

Answer 14

coordinate immune response

Question 15

What do T cytotoxic cells do

Answer 15

responsible for destroying infected cells

Question 16

What do T regulatory cells do

Answer 16

suppress immune response, modulate immune system function

Question 17

What are B lymphocytes

Answer 17

-memory B cells are formed specific to antigens encountered during the primary immune response; able to live for a long time, these cells can respond quickly upon second exposure to the antigen for which they are specific

Question 18

What is different about natural killer cells

Answer 18

They are not phagocytic, but are cytotoxic- they weaken cells by creating holes in the cell membrane

Question 19

What do natural killer cells attack

Answer 19

• Attack cells that have been infected by microbes, but not the microbes themselves
• They do not need contact with antigen, so are part of the non-specific immunity

Question 20

What is the function of cytokines

Answer 20

• induce other cells in immune system
• stimulate both antigen dependent (lymphocytes) and independent cells (NK cells)
• induce chemotaxis and diapedesis

Question 21

What are the types of cytokines

Answer 21

• Lymphokines
• Interleukins
• Tumor necrosis factor
• interferons

Question 22

What are interleukins used for

Answer 22

communications between white cells

Question 23

What does Tumor necrosis factor do

Answer 23

attack tumor cells

Question 24

What do interferons do

Answer 24

• interfere with viral replication

- activate T-cells, macrophages, neutrophils and antibody production