Part I - AGRICULTURAL ENERGY AND POWER ENGINEERING (Sir Rex) Flashcards
When electric current flows through the electrolyte from positive material to negative material, the battery is said to be what?
recharging
The solar energy received per unit time on a unit area of a surface perpendicular to the radiation at the limit of the atmosphere and is estimated at 1353 W/M2.
solar constant
True or False. Fractional horsepower motors need 1-phase electrical circuits.
True
What could be the condition of the battery when the specific gravity reading in the hydrometer is 1.250 to 1.300?
Fully charged
True or False. Savonius windmills are vertical axis-type windmills.
True
It joins connecting rod and piston of an engine.
piston pin
In a four-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine, how many spark plugs are required?
None
The device located in the exhaust system that reduces exhaust noise.
muffler
Also known as “current wheel” because water passing under the wheel strikes the blades.
under shot
In compression ignition engine, which part of the engine is controlled by the governor?
injection pump
The event when the sun’s apparent path is displaced farthest north or south from the equator.
solstice
A type of slow rotating waterwheel that operates in a horizontal plane.
tub wheel
A chemical device for generating electricity.
Battery or cell
Types of four-wheel tractors with power rating below 32 hp.
compact type
A barrier constructed to contain the flow of water and serves to create the elevation difference or head.
dam
A weather parameter measured by an instrument known as the “Campbell-Stokes”.
sunshine/solar duration
The device that controls the speed of the engine by admitting more or less fuel mixture to the combustion chamber.
throttle or accelerator
What do you call the fuel mixture that is containing more than the required amount of air to combine with all the carbon in the fuel?
lean combustion
The anaerobic microbial breakdown of sugar into alcohol.
Fermentation
The distance from the center of the crankshaft to the center of the crankpin.
crank throw
The engine speed when the throttle or accelerator lever is fully released and there is no load on the engine.
idle speed
The engine speed when the throttle or accelerator
idle speed
How many liters are there in a gallon?
3.875 L
A device for measuring engine speed or rpm
tachometer
In an ICE, it allows the flow of fuel, air or exhaust gases.
valve
It is part of the transmission system that permits the disconnection of power unit from the transmission gears and drive wheels of most automotive vehicles.
clutch
A set of bevel gears that allows power to be transmitted to each axle at different speeds to allow satisfactory steering of the tractor.
differential
A type of waterwheel where the buckets receive water at about radial height.
breast wheel
It carries the essential information about a particular motor or engine.
name plate
what is the firing interval for a four-stroke, six cylinder engine?
120%
A supercharger driven by the engine exhaust system.
turbocharge
The discharging of burned gases from the combustion chamber.
exhaust stroke
How much proof does a 90% ethanol has?
180
It is the single most important property of lubricating oil
viscosity
The number of cells of 12-volt lead acid batteries has.
6
The power generated at the belt pulley and available for useful work.
brake power
A wheel with a lobe or projection on its face that changes the motion of the member in contact with it.
cam
The microorganism that convert simple sugar compounds into alcohol
yeast
It is a ratio of total cylinder volume to the clearance volume.
compression ratio
True of False. Given the same wind speed, multi-blade windmills produces lower torque than few-bladed windmills.
False
The number of degrees the earth’s axis of rotation is tilted with respect to its plane of revolution around the sun.
23.45 degrees
The chemical formula of an octane fuel.
C8H18
The normal ambient temperature for motor operation.
40 degrees celcius
It stores energy during the power stroke and returns this energy during idle strokes.
flywheel
What is the air-to-fuel ratio of methane?
4:1
The instrument that measures global radiation.
pyranometer
A type of slow or non-flowing lubricant used in bearings and universal joints.
grease
The source of all the energy on earth
sun
In heat engines, it is the outlet duct for exhaust gases.
exhaust manifold
It is the technical term to call the diameter of the engine cylinder.
bore
The firing interval for a four-stroke engine with four in-lined cylinders
180
It is a condition describing that the cooling system is excessively hot and usually accompanied by streaming steam coming out of the radiator.
over heating
Why is water a better coolant than air?
higher Specific Heat Capacity
The instrument that measures direct radiation.
pyrheliometer
It is also known as “destructive distillation”.
pyrolysis
Normally, how many speed reduction(s) does a farm tractor has?
3
The type of “work” in the farm that requires pulling or drawing effort.
tractive work
The other term used to describe the motor starting current.
lock rotor current
This restricts the air flow through the carburetor.
choke
Calculate the daylight hours on January 1, 2009 in Los Banos, Laguna (lat = 14.154 degrees; long = 121.218 degrees)
11.8 hrs
The moment of time when the sun crosses the meridian of the observer.
solar noon
It is the formation of methane by microorganisms known as methanogens.
methanogenesis
The proportions of air and fuel supplied to the engine cylinders for combustion.
air-to-fuel ratio
A narrowed passageway in the carburetor that increases the velocity of air moving through it.
venturi
What could be the speed of the engine, in revolution per second, if the piston speed is 360 meters per minute and the crank throw is 50 millimeters?
1800 rpm
It measures the ability of an engine to convert fuel into useful work.
mechanical efficiency
The heat exchanger that removes heat from a coolant passing through it.
radiator
An engine in which fuel is burned inside the engine itself rather than in a separate device.
Internal Combustion Engine
In a typical spark ignition engine, the highest percentage of heat loss is accounted for what?
exhaust heat
The equivalent percentage alcohol content of a 150 proof ethanol.
75%
The term used when the sun is nearest the earth.
perihelion
It provides the gap for the high voltage surge to jump and ignite the fuel in the engine cylinder.
spark plug
Determine the indicated horsepower of a 4-stroke, 100 mm x 100 mm, 6-cylindera engine running at 1600 rpm. The mean effective pressure per power stroke is 550 kPa.
46,324 hp
The state of charge of a lead acid battery if the specific gravity meter reads 1.150 or less
fully discharged
The piston position at the lower limit of its travel in the cylinder.
bottom dead center
What part of the magneto system in small spark ignition engines acts as a transformer?
ignition point
It is the inlet duct for fuel and air or just air for diesel engines.
intake manifold
Type of windmills or wind turbines that accept wind from any direction.
vertical axis
A type if two-tractor fitted with a drawbar for traction work and a power-take-off for rotary work.
general purpose
Also known as “impulse” turbine
Pelton
True or False. The maximum power that the wind machine can recover from the speeding mass if air is only about 60%.
True
It is the distance the piston travels in one direction.
piston stroke displacement
The term used to describe the power generated in the cylinder and received by the piston.
Indicated hp
In lead acid batteries, is the total number of plates per cell an odd number or even number?
odd number
A condition wherein the governor responds repeatedly to the irregular speed when the engine is loaded.
governor hunting
In solar engineering, it is the term used when the sun is farthest from the earth.
aphelion
It encloses one end of the engine cylinder and forms the upper end of the combustion chamber.
cylinder head
A unit of measurement of power and is equals to doing work at the rate of 33,000 ft.lb/min.
HP
The usual type of oil-level used for most ICE.
dipstick
The condition when the turbocharger delivers air to the engine at an excessively high pressure.
over boosting
An imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles
equator
In heat engines, it is the event in which the heat energy of the fuel is converted into mechanical energy.
power stroke
The horizontal movement of air caused by uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun and the rotation of the earth.
wind
It is the solution that conducts electricity in lead-acid batteries.
electrolyte
It is the length of time that the biomass stays in an anaerobic digester for microbial conversion.
retention time
The ratio of the power extracted by a wind turbine to the power available in the wind stream.
power coefficient
He conceived the idea of utilizing the heat produced by high compression for igniting the fuel charge in the cylinder in 1892.
Rudolf Diesel
Type of motor duty rating wherein the motor is operated for more than 60 minutes without rest.
continuous duty rating
It is the volume occupied by the fuel and air mixtures or air alone when the piston is at the top dead center.
clearance volume
It is the order in which engine cylinders deliver their power strokes beginning with the cylinder 1.
firing order
What do you call the part of the electrical system of a farm tractor that charges the storage battery?
alternator
It is the distance the piston travels in the cylinder in one minute.
piston speed
The top rings of the piston that holds compression and combustion pressure.
compression ring
The process of hydrolyzing complex carbohydrate into a simple soluble fermentable sugar.
saccharification
This gives the amperes the battery can discharge for 30 seconds without dropping below 1.2 volts per cell.
cold cranking
An index of the roughness of a surface reflecting the frictional resistance offered by the surface air flow.
roughness coefficient
An event in internal combustion engine where the combustion chamber is filled with fresh charge of fuel and air mixture.
intake stroke
A type of farming technique where in the biomass resource is grown extensively for energy purposes.
energy farming
The nozzle or valve through which the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber of an engine.
fuel injector
It rates the battery on the basis of the number of minutes that a new fully charged battery at 26.6 degrees Celsius will deliver 25 amperes while maintaining a voltage of 1.75 volts per cell.
reserve capacity
The term use to describe the partial or complete interruption of the fuel flow in the fuel-feed system as a result of vaporization of the fuel and the formation of gas bubbles.
vapor lock
The event in ICE during which the charge of air and fuel is compressed in the combustion chamber.
compression stroke
A magnetized bar of metal.
magnet
The rate of doing work.
power
The displacement of exhaust gas from the combustion chamber by fresh fuel charge.
scavenging
Which is thicker, lubrication oil with SAE #40 or SAE #30?
SAE #40
It is defined as the angular distance north (+) or south (-) if the plane of earth’s equator.
latitude
What is the speed ratio of the camshaft to the crankshaft?
1:2
True or False. Under normal conditions, wind speed at 10 meters is greater than at 5 meters above ground.
True
The power of mature human being.
- hp
Generally which uses thicker oil for lubrication, gasoline engine, or diesel engine?
diesel engine
True or False. Using diesel fuel with higher cetane rating prevents engine locking.
True
This type of windmill is generally used for water pumping because of the high torque it produces during conversion.
multiblade
This type of windmill is generally
It receives the power produced by expansion of gases and transmits it to other mechanical parts.
piston
It is the ratio of the useful mechanical power to the power value of the fuel consumed.
thermal efficiency
The mechanical device that controls the flow and supply of fuel mixture to the cylinder with respect to the desired speed, power output and existing operating conditions of the engine.
governor
The power developed at the hitch and available for pulling, dragging, or similar tractive effort.
drawbar hp
The delay time required for the diesel fuel to vaporize, mix with air, and ignite after its injection to the combustion chamber.
ignition delay
It is the ratio of the blade tip speed to the wind speed.
tip speed ratio
The most common type of windmill used for water pumping in the Philippines.
multibladed
The mixing of octane fuel with air to get a combustible mixture.
carburetion
This type of windmill is generally used for electricity generation rather than for mechanical conversion.
highspeed windmill
A special gear-driven shaft in a tractor designed to power integral mounted or trailing implements.
PTO
A biomass conversion process carried out by several microorganisms in which organic solids are converted into methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and other products.
Anaerobic digestion
The space between the top of the piston and the cylinder head in which the fuel is burned.
combustion chamber
A traditional and most widely practiced method of deriving energy from biomass sources.
direct combustion
The amount of heat energy contained in any fuel.
heating value
The term use to describe the flow of electrons through a conductor.
current
It is a mixture of butane and propane and maybe used to a considerable extent as fuel engine.
LPG
The event when the sun’s annual apparent path passes and the plane of the earth’s equator coincide.
equinox
A device used to measure the potential differences (voltage) between terminals of battery.
volt meter
An uncontrolled second explosion with spontaneous combustion of the remaining compressed fuel charge resulting in a pinging sound.
knocking
An alternative fuel derived from vegetable oils in a process called transesterification that is equivalent to diesel refined from petroleum.
biodiesel
A phenomenon that takes place whenever a conductor cuts a magnetic field and voltage is induced proportional to the rate of cutting the lines of force.
electromagnetic induction
A device mounted on or connected top the engine air intake for filtering dirt and dust out of the air entering the engine.
air cleaner
What do you call the device added to the exhaust system of automotive vehicles to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollutants in the exhaust gases?
catalytic converter
A common feature of this windmill type is the vane which is used to orient the machine to the prevailing wind direction.
yaw control
The general term use to describe engine oils, grease, and gear oils.
lubricants
In electric motor operations, this factor is multiplied to the power rating to determine maximum load that can be safely carried by the motor under continuous operation.
service factor
The basic unit of resistance.
ohm
This is a lead-calcium battery that is sealed so that no water is lost from the electrolyte.
maintenance free battery
Name the other classification of electric motors based on the electrical service requirement aside from the single-phase and the three-phase motors.
AC motor
The electric motor that cranks the engine for starting.
starter motor
An engine-driven device that generates its own primary current, transform that current into high-voltage surge, and delivers to the proper spark plugs.
magneto
It is an axial-flow reaction turbine and the runner blades are adjustable.
kaplan
Term used to describe the energy flow which is replenished at the same rate as it is used.
renewable energy
The wind speed referred to a specific blade-tip velocity in the case of a specific turbine, at which the wind turbine starts supplying useful output power at the shaft.
cut-in windspeed
The chemical formula of ethanol or ethyl alcohol.
C2H5OH
A weight in the crankshaft opposite each crankpin that reduces vibration and bearing loads.
counterweight
The lubrication of all the principal engine parts is dependent directly upon the splashing of the engine oil by this device located at the bottom side of the connecting rod.
oil slinger
True or False. One metric horsepower is equal to 746 watts.
False
The designated ignition quality of a particular diesel fuel.
setting rating
It is the angular position of the sun at solar noon with respect to the earth’s equator.
solar declination
A device that converts solar radiation into electricity.
PV Device
A body the absorbs completely all the radiation incident upon it.
black body
In batteries, this is identified as the battery post with larger diameter and designated by a positive sign (+).
terminal
A filter that removes impurities from the engine oil passing through it.
oil filter
A thermo-chemical process in which the biomass resource is subjected to partial combustion with limited supply of air to produce high temperature gas.
gasification
It is the angular displacement of the sun, east or west of the local meridian due to the rotation of the earth on its axis.
hour angle
The science, art, and business of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock; farming.
agriculture
The capacity of a physical system to do work.
energy
The term that is applied to the last gear reduction unit in the power transmission train of a tractor.
final drive
What causes the ignition of the fuel charge in all compression ignition engines?
heat of compression
The device that distributes the secondary voltage to each spark plug in multi-cylinder ignition system.
distributor
True or False. Provided that both engines have the same specifications, a two-stroke engine has more power strokes than a four-stroke engine for the same crankshaft speed.
True
Designated ignition quality of a particular fuel which is determined by comparing with a mixture of isooctane and heptane.
octane rating
A unit of measurement of power and is equals to doing work at the rate of 33,000 ft-lb/min.
horsepower
The “beast of burden” of Philippine agriculture.
carabao
It is the volume displaced by the piston in one stroke.
displacement volume
