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Radiation Therapy > Part I > Flashcards

Part I Flashcards

1
Q
  • treatment usually to cancer using ionizing radiation

- referred as high energy x-rays

A

Radiation Therapy

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2
Q

4 different intent of radiation therapy

A

Radical/Curative
Adjuvant
Neo Adjuvant
Palliative

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3
Q

way of curing a cancer, often in combination with chemotherapy (ex. head/neck)

A

Radical/Curative

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4
Q

in addition to curative surgery to reduce risk of local recurrence (ex. breast cancer)

A

Adjuvant

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5
Q

to help symptom control (ex. incurable cancer)

A

Palliative

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6
Q

prior to surgery to shrink tumor

A

Neo-adjuvant

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7
Q

based in tertiary hospital

A

Radiotherapy Department

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8
Q

T/F Radiation therapy is given as an outpatient (on weekdays)

A

True

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9
Q

describe ionizing radiation

A

invisible
silent
pain free to receive

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10
Q

2 Main Ways in Delivering Radiation Therapy

A

Photons and Electrons

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11
Q
  • high energy x-rays - penetrate into deep body tissue and spare the overlying skin.
  • produce secondary electrons within tissue
  • cause damage in both cancer and normal cells
A

Photons (high energy x-rays)

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12
Q

-damage DNA directly and deliver their dose superficially just below the skin surface

A

Electrons

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13
Q
  • generally reserved for specific circumstances such as children with brain tumor
  • little dose is delivered to normal tissues
  • deliver to specific area
A

Protons

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14
Q

absorbed dose is expressed as [ ]

A

Gray (Gy)

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15
Q

series of small doses

A

Fractions

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16
Q

Components related to Radiation Therapy

A

Consent
Immobilization
CT stimulator
Treatment Plan

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17
Q

[component] discuss with patient all information about procedure

A

Consent

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18
Q

[component] masks used for head and neck cancers and brain tumor patients

  • used to target the right spot
  • PERSPEX MASK, THERMOPLASTIC SHELL, VACUUM BAG
A

Immobilization

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19
Q

[component] locate tumor

-makes use of tattoo to mark the reference point

A

CT stimulator

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20
Q

[component] involves volume definitions

A

Treatment Plan

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21
Q

volume definitions

A

a. gross tumour volume (GTV)
b. clinical target volume (CTV)
c. planning target volume (PTV)

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22
Q

[volume definitions] margin of tumour we can see

A

Gross Tumour Volume (GTV)

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23
Q

[volume definitions] margin of microscopic spread

A

Clinical Target Volume (CTV)

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24
Q

[volume definitions] margin to take account of day to day variability and potential tumour motion

A

Planning Target Volume (PTV)

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25
Q
  • dependent on which part of the body is receiving treatment

- caused by transient damage damage to normal cells

A

Side Effects (Toxicity)

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26
Q

common toxicities associated with most radiation therapy treatment

A

Fatigue and Skin Reaction

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27
Q

T/F radiotherapy can cure secondary cancer cased by radiotherapy

A

False - There are many other treatments for cancer (hormonal, molecular etc.)

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28
Q

T/F UTI should be cured before radiation therapy for prostate cancer

A

True

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29
Q

occurs 6-8 weeks after radiation therapy progressive SOB and rough treated with high dose steroids and oxygen

A

Pneumonitis

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30
Q

therapy often used in curative/neo-adjuvant setting; makes radiation therapy more effective; increase toxicity

A

Chemo-radiotherapy

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31
Q

T/F 40% of cancer patients undergo radiation therapy

A

True

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32
Q

T/F Radiation therapy can be done outpatient

A

True

33
Q

T/F Radiation therapy can be used for emergency treatment

A

True - for palliative patients in intense pain

34
Q

T/F Radiation therapy is within 2mm of target

A

True

35
Q

T/F Radiation therapy is invisible

A

True - ionization radiation is invisible

36
Q

T/F Radiation therapy can cause burns

A

True

37
Q

T/F Radiation therapy can cause secondary cancer

A

True

38
Q

T/F Radiation therapy and chemotherapy can be done at the same time

A

True

39
Q

1896

A

Becquerel discovered radioactivity

40
Q

1898

A

Marie/Pierre Curie - discover radium

41
Q

1903

A
  • Nobel Prize for the Curies and Becquerel

- first successful case of malignancy basal cell carcinoma of face

42
Q

November 8, 1895

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-ray

43
Q

first x-ray was of [ ]

A

Bertha (wife) left hand

44
Q
  • first to recognize that radiation might cure cancer
  • med student in Chicago
  • peeling of hand due to exposure
  • 90 surgeries for multiple cancers
A

Emil Grubbe

45
Q

1896 - first person treated with radiatio, carcinoma of breast

A

Rose Lee, 65

46
Q

1901

A

everyone thought that radiation is the absolute cure for cancer

47
Q
  • found single dose and fractionated dose

- found out that if original dose will be fractionated or broken into smaller doses, less damaging to skin

A

Claude Regaud

48
Q

(1920-1930) animal and animal part Claude Regaud experimented on

A

ram, scrotum

49
Q
  • early French Radiation Oncologist
  • pioneered the use of fractionated radiotherapy in a wide variety of tumour
  • impressive results in locally advanced laryngeal cancers in 1934
A

Henri Coutard

50
Q
  • 1938 - discovery of Co 60 isotope

- transuranium elements - 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

A

Glenn Seaborg and Edwin M. McMilan

51
Q

-October 27, 1951 - world’s first cancer treatment with Cobalt 60

A

Dr. Harold E. John (1949)

52
Q

first patient for cancer treatment with Cobalt 60

A

43 year old cervical cancer

53
Q
  • known for effectiveness, reliability and easy to use

- main radiotherapy machine

A

Cobalt 60

54
Q

-capable of producing high energy deeply penetrate beams without excessive damage to skin and normal tissue

A

Linear Accelerators

55
Q

developed first medical LINAC - 1956

A

Dr. Henry Kaplan and Edward Ginzton

56
Q

first LINAC [year]

A

1953

57
Q

first patient treated with LINAC [case and year]

A

1956, Gordon Isaac, 2 yr old with retinoplasma

58
Q

discovered radioactivity in 1901

A

Antoine Henri Becquerel

59
Q

discovered Pulonium and Radium

A

Marie Curie

60
Q

[year] first brachytherapy

A

1901

61
Q
  • internal beam therapy

- radiation therapy of close proximity or within tumour

A

Brachytherapy

62
Q
  • external beam therapy

- LINAC, Co 60

A

Teletherapy

63
Q
  • delivered in tumor while surrounding tissues receive little to no radiation dose
  • attempts to deliver a tumoricidal dose to the tumor while minimizing damage in surrounding tissues
  • 3D info about patient’s body is supplied by CT stimulation process
A

3D conformal Radiotherapy

64
Q
  • advanced term of 3D Conformal Radiotherapy (3DCRT)
  • sophisticated software and hardware to vary shape and intensity of radiation delivered to different parts of the tumor area
A

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy

65
Q

-growing in popularity to widespread adoption of new LINAC which function both as treatment and imaging machines

A

Image Guided Radiation Therapy

66
Q

anything that takes up space and has mass

A

Matter

67
Q
  • building blocks of matter

- have a diameter of 10⁻¹⁰m

A

Atoms

68
Q

[mass/kg]

PROTON

A

1.67262 x 10⁻²⁷ or 1.673 x 10⁻²⁷

69
Q

[mass/kg]

NEUTRON

A

1.67493 x 10⁻²⁷ or 1.675 x x 10⁻²⁷

70
Q

[mass/kg]

ELECTRON

A

9.109 X 10⁻³¹

71
Q

[mass/amu]

PROTON

A

1.00727(8)

72
Q

[mass/amu]

NEUTRON

A

1.00866(7)

73
Q

[mass/amu]

ELECTRON

A

0.000549

74
Q

[charge relative]

PROTON

A

1+

75
Q

[charge relative]

NEUTRON

A

0

76
Q

[charge relative]

ELECTRON

A

-1`

77
Q

contains/determine identity of element and atomic mass

A

nucleus

78
Q

mass of nucleus

A

99.95%

Radiation Therapy (10 decks)

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